Dr.Seuss Research Paper

Theodor Seuss Geisel Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, was born March 2, 1904, in Springfield, Massachusetts. His father and grandfather managed the family brewery in town, while his mother told him and his sister, Marnie, rhymes she had remembered being told from childhood. Geisel attended Dartmouth College after graduating from Springfield’s Classical High School. When attending Dartmouth, he joined a fraternity and the college’s humor magazine, the Jack-O-Lantern. He worked hard writing for the magazine, and became the editor-in-chief. Theodor Geisel and some of his friends were caught drinking, which was against the school policy, forcing him to resign from all extracurricular activities. Since he did not want to resign from the magazine, Theodor started to sign his work with the pen name of â€Å"Seuss†. It was not until after college that the â€Å"Dr. † was added to the front of â€Å"Seuss†. Geisel’s father wanted him to be a college professor, so to please him he went to Oxford University in England following his graduation from Dartmouth College. While at Oxford, he became bored with academic studies and made the decision to tour Europe instead of studying. Even though he found Oxford boring, he met his first wife, Helen Palmer, while attending. When Geisel was done with his tour of Europe and returned to the United States, he started his career as a cartoonist. Some of his cartoons were published in The Saturday Evening Post, and he also had more published in other publications. Theodor Geisel also spent more than fifteen years creating advertising campaigns. He started doing weekly political cartoons at the beginning of World War II. To help with the war, he made training movies for the U. S. Army. This was when Geisel was introduced to animation. He began illustrating children’s books when an editor of the Viking Press proposed a contract to him. Theodor Geisel’s first wife committed suicide on October 23, 1967, after struggling with sickness and emotional pain caused by his affair with his female friend, Aubrey Stone. Then on June 21, 1968, Geisel married Aubrey Stone who was his wife up until the day he died. Geisel died of throat cancer on September 24, 1991. When he died, Theodor Geisel had illustrated 44 children’s books, which had been translated into more than 15 languages. He had sold more than 200 million copies of his books that had impacted the lives of people all around the world. Theodore Geisel was an author who had a successful career. Some people called him â€Å"the man who taught me to read† (qtd in Nel), while some called him â€Å"the man who helped me appreciate humor and art†(qtd in Nel). His career consisted of writing cartoons and children’s books, which eventually were turned into movies. Before Geisel started writing children’s books, he wrote cartoons for the PM magazine. The PM magazine was a left leaning daily paper, especially during WWII when Seuss was working for them. PM was labeled by people as â€Å"one newspaper that can and dares to tell the truth† (qtd in Nel). The paper â€Å"did not pause to spare anyone’s feelings, and neither did Seuss† (Nel). Geisel drew many cartoons about the war for PM magazine. Most of his cartoons, people found offensive because of the way he drew the people. One of the most offensive cartoons that Geisel wrote consisted of a cartoon of Senator Nye. The cartoon called the senator â€Å"a horse’s ass†. Before it was published Ralph Ingeroll warned Geisel not to publish it because it could cause the paper a â€Å"million-dollar lawsuit† (qtd in Nel). Instead of the lawsuit, Seuss received a letter politely asking for the original cartoon. Geisel ignored the letter that the senator sent him. Cohen defends Seuss and his cartoons by saying, â€Å"It is hard to look beyond these cartoon depictions to realize that Ted made people of every race and culture look equally ugly. It was just part of the humor. †¦] But others are indefensible, clearly evidencing that Ted sometimes fell prey to the prejudices of the day. †(qtd in Nel) When Geisel looked back on his cartoon career, he remarked, â€Å"I was intemperate, un-humorous in my attacks†¦ and I’d do it again† (qtd. in Nel). Even though Geisel wrote cartoons, his biggest sellers and successes were his children’s books. He enjoyed writing the children’s books; he explains, â€Å"I’d rather write for kids. They are more appreciative. Adults are obsolete children and the hell with them† (qtd in Kibler). It was because of his children books that Seuss was labeled the â€Å"American Icon†. He is best known for his way of writing, and how he can make any child get hooked on his books. â€Å"New generation[sic] of criticism have revealed that Dr. Seuss indeed is a figure of awesome cultural designation within childhood in the American middle class’s ideology†(Nel). Geisel was referred to by Robert Wilson of the New York Times Book Reviews as â€Å"possibly the best-loved and certainly the best-selling children’s book writer of all time†. Geisel has been accused of being sexist towards women in his earlier writing career. Critics have said that his work has a â€Å"conspicuous absence of women† (Zawacki). â€Å"Of the 42 children’s books Theodore Seuss Geisel published before his death, not one had a title who was female† (Zawacki). It was not until 1995 that Geisel published a book titled Daisy-Head Mayzie; it was based on an animated television special. Daisy-Head Mayzie had a strong female character named Mayzie. The story was a big seller and it proved to the critics that he was not sexist. Even though Geisel cartoons during WWII were offensive others agreed with the cartoons and did not find them offensive. He wrote and illustrated children’s books that are still being sold and were made into movies today. Geisel proved those people who accused him of being sexist wrong by writing a book that had a strong female character. Everyone has a different opinion on Dr. Seuss, but most people agree and label him as â€Å"the modern Mother Goose†(Zawacki). Seuss’s writings made a great impact on people in both good and bad ways; yet he still had a very successful career with no regrets Between 1937 and 1991, Theodore Geisel published 42 children’s books which were often characterized by his imaginative characters and rhyme. He has sold over half a billion copies of his books. Some of his books have been made into audiocassettes, videos, animated television specials, and even a major motion picture for children of all ages. Some of his books have even been translated into different languages as well. Geisel proved to the world that it was possible to write children’s books with a limited vocabulary and make the books best sellers. The plots of the Dr. Seuss books are entertaining and often teach a lesson, from the importance of taking responsibility for the earth and one another to learning what is really important. Dr. Seuss’s books are such great sellers, that his books are being taught and read to children all over the world, while his movies are being view around the world as well. Theodore Geisel had won dozens of awards for his work. Some of those awards include the following: the Pulitzer Prize, three Academy Awards, an Emmy Award, the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award, three Caldecott Honor Awards, and the Regina Medal. Not only did he earn awards, Geisel also received honors for his work, including a Doctorate of Humane Letters from his alma mater, Dartmouth and six other honorary doctorates. His stories had such an impact that The Universal Studio's Theme Park Islands of Adventure has a part of its park designated for Seuss lovers of all ages called Seuss Landing. Works Cited Flynn, Richard. â€Å"The Cat in the Hat for President. † Literature Online. 2005. Children's Literature. 11 Sept. 2011 . May, Jill P. â€Å"The Seuss, the Whole Seuss and Nothing but the Seuss: A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel/Dr. Seuss: American Icon. † Literature Online. 2005. Lion and the Unicorn. 11 Sept. 2011 . Nel, Philip. â€Å"Children's Literature Goes to War: Dr. Seuss. † Wiley Online Library. 14 May 2007. The Journal of Popular Culture, 2007, 40, 3, 468-487, Blackwell Publishing Inc. 11 Sept. 2011 . Nel, Philip. â€Å"Dada Knows Best: Growing Up ‘Surreal' with Dr. Seuss. † Literature Online. 1999. Children's Literature. 11 Aug. 2011 . Nel, Philip. â€Å"Said a bird in the midst of a blitz†¦ â€Å": How World War II created Dr. Seuss. † Literature Online. 2001. Mosaic. 11 Sept. 2011 .

Modelling the Inflation Process in Nigeria

MODELLING THE INFLATION PROCESS IN NIGERIA 2. Nigeria’s inflation experience Nigeria has experienced all manner of inflationary episodes – from creeping to moderate and from high to galloping (see Table 1 and Figure 1). Average inflation during the period 1960–1972 was relatively low, the historical average rate being 5. 01%. When assessed on an annual basis, however, rising prices became a cause for concern for the then military government when in 1969 the inflation rate hit double digits at 10. 36%. Government’s concern seems to have been justified by the fact that Nigeria was experiencing double-digit inflation for the first time, in the face of a raging civil war whose end was not then in sight. In reaction, government imposed a general wage freeze for a period of one year. Apparently aware of possible opposition by labour unions, price control measures were introduced with the official promulgation of the Price Control Decree, early in 1970 (see Fashoyin, 1984, for comprehensive discussion of anti-inflation measures taken during this period). Inflationary pressures continued unabated, however, even with price controls. Table 1: Inflation episodes in Nigeria Period Average 1960–1972 5. 01 1973–1985 17. 96 1986–1995 31. 30 1986–2002 13. 34 Source: Computed by the authors Pressures for salary increases led to the setting up of the Wages and Salaries Review Commission. The Commission eventually granted salary increases to all categories of public service employees, and similar adjustments were later made in the private sector. These awards, which came at a time when the dislocation of domestic production and marketing as a result of the civil war had not been fully repaired, generated a measure of excess demand in the economy. This is likely to have been responsible for the rise in the rate of inflation by 16. 0% in 1971. Government’s immediate response was to lift import restrictions on several categories of goods. Excise duties on a number of goods were also reduced. A credit policy that favoured the production of food was also put in place. These efforts, coupled with the establishment of the Nigerian National Supply Company (NNSC), were credited with yielding the relatively low rate of inflation of 3. 2% recorded in 1972. The period 1973–1985 was one of greater inflationary pressures than the period 1960–1972, with an average inflation rate in those years of 17. 96%. The effects of the 3 RP 182_Olubusoye_maintext. pmd 21/10/2008, 14:29 3 6 RESEARCH PAPER 182 Exchange rate regimes and inflation in Nigeria Inflation and exchange rates have been identified as two of the key â€Å"barometers† of economic performance (Rutasitara, 2004). Exchange rate arrangements in Nigeria have undergone significant changes over the past four decades, shifting from a fixed regime in the 1960s to a pegged arrangement between the 1970s and the mid 1980s, and finally to various types of floating regime adopted in 1986 with the SAP. A regime of managed float, without any strong commitment to defending any particular parity, has been the predominant characteristic of the floating regime in Nigeria since 1986. Exchange rate policy emerged as one of the controversial policy instruments in developing countries in the 1980s, with vehement opposition to devaluation for fear of its inflationary impact, among other effects. Nigeria faced such a situation and there has since been interest in the performance of inflation and the role of the exchange rate in the process. The peculiarity of the Nigerian foreign exchange market needs to be highlighted. The country’s foreign exchange earnings are more than 90% dependent on crude oil export receipts. The result is that the volatility of the world oil market prices has a direct impact on the supply of foreign exchange. Moreover, the oil sector contributes more than 80% of government revenue. Thus, when the world oil price is high, the revenue shared by the three tiers of government rises correspondingly, and as has been observed since the early 1970s, elicits comparable expenditure increases, which are then difficult to bring down when oil prices collapse and revenues fall. Indeed, such unsustainable expenditure levels have been at the root of high overnment deficit spending. It became a matter of serious concern that despite the huge amount of foreign exchange, which the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) supplied to the foreign exchange market, the impact was not reflected in the performance of the real sector of the economy. Arising from Nigeria’s high import propensity of finished consumer goods, the foreign exchange earnings from oil continued to generate output and employm ent growth in other countries from which Nigeria’s imports originated. This development necessitated a change in policy on 22 July 2002, when the demand pressure in the foreign exchange market intensified and the depletion in external reserves level persisted. The CBN thus reintroduced the Dutch auction system (DAS) to replace the inter-bank foreign exchange market (IFEM). Since then, the DAS has been largely successful in achieving the objectives of the monetary authorities. Generally, it assisted in narrowing the arbitrage premium from double digits to a single digit, until the emergence of irrational market exuberance in the fourth quarter of 2003. Figure 2 charts the details of the movements in inflation and the parallel market premium over the official exchange rate. As can be seen in the figure, movements of the parallel exchange rate premium and inflation rate were very close, especially during the mid 1970 and early 1990s. Indeed, this was the period of widest divergence between the official and parallel market exchange rates. As can be seen from the graph, the peaks and troughs almost always go together, thus confirming that the parallel market exchange rate was significantly correlated with the inflation rate. RP 182_Olubusoye_maintext. pmd 21/10/2008, 14:29 6

Government Regulations Within the Jewellery Industry

The government regulations are really down to the federal trade commission to enforce it and to ensure that the jewellery industry complies with it. The government regulations even have an influence in the way that the businesses are allowed to market themselves and the way that they do their advertising. There are a lot of people that feel that the jewellery industry would be far better if it was self-regulated. The internet is changing the way in which the business is conducted. There are a vast number of companies that are listed on the many different listing sites and the web pages. These companies all have countless false statements and inaccuracies. There are a lot of people who are unaware of the many companies so these companies see the internet as a good way to push the boundaries of truth to a certain amount. The jewellery industry at present does not have any way controlling the industry, reviewing the industry or even regulating the industry. All of the communications that are carried out on the internet only have a limited time before the government steps in to intervene. The government will intervene in order to deal with a rising amount of consumer complaints because there are a lot of people who are being ripped off on the internet and this is thought to be on the increase. The government regulations state what can and cannot be done within the jewellery industry in order to try and control the rising problems associated with the internet. It is very important that the industry is educated in what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. It is very important that the industry is aware of what can be contained in reviews about pieces of jewellery whether these reviews are available on the internet or off the internet.

Compare Mencius theory of Human Nature as Good with Xunzis Theory of Essay

Compare Mencius theory of Human Nature as Good with Xunzis Theory of Human Nature as Evil - Essay Example He said when people follow their original morality, they show exceptional goodness that has been bestowed on them by nature. According to him people are unhappy when others suffer and would like to save them from such sufferings and that is the side of goodness and he showed the example of all people rushing to save the child, which is about to fall into a well. According to him, the original good nature of man gets hit by disappointments and difficulties like trees on mountain slopes being targeted by horrendous winds and he gives examples of once beautiful, now bedraggled trees of Niu Mountain. "Mencius belonged to one of those philosophical schools and all these schools were competing among themselves for disciples and for the favour of rulers which would bring wealth, power and positionsMencius was therefore, in a position that he had to explain more clearly than Confucius why every man should strive to be a 'superior man'" Hwang (1979, p.205). His arguments are termed as too idealistic, far from reality, far removed from real life happenings and he argues a kind of mysticism beyond comprehension and belief. He is also criticized that all people cannot be endowed with such superfluous goodness as he supposed. Funnily, in spite of criticism, Mencius' theory continued to exist and is quite relevant even today. "Mencius, on the other hand, is more truly a mystic. Not only does he believe that a man can attain oneness with the universe by perfecting his own moral nature, but he has absolute faith in the moral purpose of the universe. His great achievement is that he not only successfully defended the teachings of Confucius against the corrosive influence of new ideas but, in the process, added to Confucianism a depth that it did not possess before," Lau (1970, p.46). He stressed upon ethical predispositions of mind and heart. He argued that any budding evil could be controlled by self-reflection and self-cultivation. His ethical ideal was benevolence humaneness. Xunzi lived towards the end of Warring States Period (453-221 BCE) and along with Mencius and Confucius, was one of the three main architects of Confucius school of Philosophy in China. This period saw great philosophical flowering in China that enveloped almost all spheres of life, society, politics, ruling, warfare, defense etc. He lived in a 'cutthroat' age and it is not surprising that his philosophy is based on human evil. He also felt the need of human education and moral training. "Human nature is evil; what is good is artifice. Now, human nature is as follows. At birth there is fondness for profit in it. Following this, contention and robbery arise, and deference and courtesy are destroyed," Goldin (1999, p.6). Xunzi was directly opposite to Mencius in assuming that human nature starts with evil and not with goodness. His thought clashes with that of Mencius on the fundamentals itself. "But it flatly contradicts the view of Mencius, who taught that man is naturally inclined to goodness and in later centuries, when Mencius' view came to be regarded as the orthodox one, it led to an unhappy clouding of Hsun Tzu's entire system of thought," Watson (1967, p.5). He thought man is prone to evil dispositions, and ethical rules of society are invented to prevent this natural process. His philosophy says that Man is naturally an evil,

The Concept of Ethnocentrism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Concept of Ethnocentrism - Essay Example Several nations and their cultures have placed themselves at the top of an imagined hierarchy of cultures and nations and therefore they have assigned other cultures lower ranks than theirs. This has led to the incorporation of the belief that one nation, its culture is superior, and that it will always be ahead of the rest hence making people believe this form of deception naturally. This form of belief has resulted in a few nations becoming the center of admirations making all other nations to strive to emulate the nations at the center in order to move higher in the imaginary rank. For example, the United States of America has always thought of itself as more powerful, more economically positioned, and as generally better in all spheres than other nations. This has been evidenced by the country's dabbling in the matters of other nations without much regard to the right formality that should be followed. A good illustration of this dabbling in the country's current involvement in a ffairs of Middle East, which is mainly castigated by the perceived belief that it is a superpower. This has led to the country spending a lot on affairs of other countries, which are not necessarily in its control, rather than focusing on funding development in needy developing countries. Cultural ethnocentrism continues to prevail in the majority of the African communities where the communities believe that these cultures are better than the rest and they in, particular, tend to be unreceptive to the western culture. They normally feel that their cultural order is threatened by the arrival of new groups and they thus strive to resist what they term as invaders in their communities. This evidenced by the disagreements in cultural markers of identity such as clothing and other visible elements which the people try by all means possible to uphold them despite the foreign influence.

Management decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management decisions - Essay Example First and fore most, visual interface for decision flow creation should be evident within the management system. This however, means that each techie in the line of engineering field should learn new tools and techniques each week or even months. I must however, ensure that flexible management of multiple decision flows are met since the technological environment do changes faster with time. Ability to use data from external data sources as well as other systems is an aspect that I should put in mind and manipulate. In addition, building scorecards and models within the employees is an aspect that I should consider since they trigger the evolution of new technologies and bring about management solution. Other solution to the prevailing management issue like defining flexibility between different participants and their decision making process should be given a forefront action to avail effectiveness in the management decisions which incur positive result in management mechanism. Summarily, it is therefore important while am making decision in my company to make sure that both portfolio and the projects within the company components are

(Scholarship Essay)The importance of intercultural awareness and Essay

(Scholarship )The importance of intercultural awareness and competence - Essay Example The problem with most people is that they always believe that their culture is right and that other people should conform to their culture. No one culture is guilty of this because it is a natural human reaction to believe that your way of doing things is right. When I first came to study in the UK, according to Dr. Milton Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS), I was probably at the Defense stage. For me, Aston Business School is an opportunity for me to test myself at a higher level of education. I am extremely focused and willing to listen to what others have to say. When dealing with a range of different cultures, this is the key to come to some sort of understanding. Some people believe that diversity is not a good thing because it only results in conflict. While there can be issues in dealing with other cultures, I actually think that it is a good thing because it allows everything to learn something off each other. If people can be willing to compromise, then diversity encourages greater thinking because a wider range of voices can be heard. Now that I have been in the UK for awhile, I would consider myself to be at the Adaption stage on the DMIS. My ultimate objective is to reach the Integration stage, but this will not happen until I have lived in the UK for a very long time and have adapted 100% to British culture. Part of the reason why I have decided to apply to Aston Business School is that it promotes diversity among its student population. This is extremely important for me because I share the same values. If given the chance to attend, I will make sure that I promote diversity among the student population by helping different cultures to come together. I feel that I can be an intermediary whenever conflict inevitably occurs between students of different ethnic backgrounds. Because I have already gone through some of the struggles of settling into a school with a

Gone With The Wind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gone With The Wind - Essay Example In this story, the main character, Scarlett O’Hara, must come to grips with the loss of her childhood wealth and comfort as a true Southern Belle of the Old South as the Civil War rips apart the Georgia countryside of her home and renders her penniless in the devastation of the Antebellum South. This is an important distinction that is made much of in both the book and the subsequent film. At the beginning of the novel, the grandness of the plantation does not seem to equal later impressions of it. Scarlett herself doesn’t seem to really being placing the mansion and grounds into their sweeping concepts until somewhat later in the book, when the city of Atlanta is under siege. It is here that she begins considering â€Å"the sprawling white house with fluttering white curtains at the windows, the thick clover on the lawn with the bees busy in it, the little black boy on the front steps shooing the ducks and turkeys from the flowerbeds, the serene red fields and the miles and miles of cotton turning white in the sun!† (339). As the war rages on and Scarlett is forced to exist in the relative squalor and deprivation of the Reconstruction, these images become even more distanced from the real. For example, Rhett Butler decides to leave Scarlett to her misery as he goes to â€Å"hunt in old towns and old countries where some of the old time must still linge r† (1009) while Scarlett continues to place her memories of the old plantation in terms of the romantically idealized: â€Å"the banks of cape jessamine bushes, vivid green against the white walls, the fluttering white curtains† (1011). The ending impression of Tara before the war thus takes on the image that is eventually put forward at the opening of the film by the same name. For the film, it was important to portray the sprawling wealth of a southern plantation to explain both Scarlett’s headstrong, princess-like attitude as well as her expectations regarding other people’s behavior. The mansion

The Place to Work in the Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Place to Work in the Bank - Essay Example For this to happen, you need to put your best foot forward and we would expect you to adhere to the rules and regulations that govern the professional conduct here. The working hours are fixed, though, you may come in a bit late with the prior permission of your manager. Do remember to inform your manager in advance so that the customers do not have to wait at the counter or in your office. You have to ensure that you abide by the timings and if you have put in extra hours, you can claim overtime for it. Note that overtime does not apply to the managerial cadre. Your attire must be professional and it must not be flippant or causal. Men are expected to wear ties and optionally a jacket or a suit. Women are expected to dress professionally in business suits. No jeans or sneakers are allowed on all days. On some Fridays that are specially designated, you may come in casual attire. These days would be intimated to you in advance and most of the time there would be some fun and frolic along with celebrations of special occasions in the office. You are not allowed to have food or drinks at your work seat. There are designated cafeterias for these. You are expected to be civil with the customers and put up with minor irritants in their behavior towards you. However, you may raise the issue with your manager if you feel that a particular customer is behaving badly with you.

The Yellow Wallpaper and the Mark on the Wall Essay

The Yellow Wallpaper and the Mark on the Wall - Essay Example Virginia Woolf was one of the English Women who pioneered the field of modern literature. Woolf is attributed to have written and published a lot of essays, short stories and novels. Woolf’s active years in literature climaxed during the 1920s when she pushed novels such as To the Lighthouse, Mrs Dalloway, Orlando and among others. The two essays were written from the perspectives of two women, who are also the narrators in the stories. This paper provides a compare and contrast analysis of the two essays â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Mark on the Wall†. The two essays compare in that they have been written in a first person narration. It is evident that both Virginia Woolf and Charlotte Perkins Gilman have written the essays while at the same time narrating their stories. The two authors, also compare since they have centered their theme on addressing social concerns, which women experienced during the time they wrote the essays. The narrators of the two essays seem to be in deep contemplation of the current state of life. The narrators embark on providing details on the immediate environment surrounding them. The mentioned details are things in their background such as furniture and walls. Additionally, for the narrator in â€Å"the yellow wall paper† she gives details on the actual yellow wallpaper she is seeing (Gilman 1), while the narrator in â€Å"mark on the wall† describes the mark, which happen to be a snail (Woolf 8). Their contemplations compare since both narrators see their lives as either being suppressed or sidelined. The issue of men dominance, the narrator in â€Å"the yellow wall paper†, mentions that â€Å"†¦I am†¦absolutely forbidden to work†¦until I am well† (Gilman 1). However, according to the narrator she disagrees with ideas from the two men who subject her in dominance. The two men are his husband and his brother she asserts that â€Å"†¦congenial work†¦ with excitement†¦ change†¦would do me good† (Gilman 2). is also common in the two essays because the narrators state. On the other hand, in the essay â€Å"the mark on the wall†, the narrator points out men dominance when she states â€Å"†¦Hell and so forth†¦leaving us†¦with intoxicating sense of illegitimate freedom†¦if freedom exists†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Woolf 7). The two essays also compare since the narrators focus their minds on an imaginary place whereby their femininity, freedom and creativity are guaranteed. The two women writers, ultimately compare since they successfully address the plight of women through the powerful voice of literature. Another comparison comes from the fact that both narrators have experienced mental problems in there real lives. One of the main contrasts between the essays†The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"The Mark on the Wall† lies on how they have been narrated. The narration of the story† The Yellow Wallpaper† is aided by characters close to the narrator his husband, John and brother. She says â€Å"John is a physician†¦my brother is a physician† (Gilman 1). In the, â€Å"Mark on the Wall† it is different in that the narrator does not seem to rely on a direct conversation with other characters since the narration is based on ideas coming from her mind (Woolf 3). In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the narrator faces conflict between her inner desires, which entail her nature and creativity and her husband’s opinion of her. She writes â€Å"John†¦has no patience with faith†¦intense horror of superstition†¦scoffs openly on †¦

The Evaluation of Tsotsi Essay Example for Free

The Evaluation of Tsotsi Essay He is in one of the gangs there. He leaves from his parents when he is young because he has a bad father who always hits him and blames him, and his mother is suffering from a disease. He feels alone, so he goes to stay with other homeless people. He grows up with them, and lives with them in large, concrete construction pipes. He has to become independent when he is young. The most important scene in the movie is the robbery case. A cold-blooded person, Tsotsi tries to steal a rich woman’s car and money. While he is stealing her car, he discovers that there is a baby in the back seat of the car. When he hears the baby cry, he is reminded of his childhood. Out of guilt, he decides to take on the responsibility and take care of the baby. After the first time of trying, he realizes that he is not able to take care of the baby. Then, he meets Miriam, the actress Terry Pheto, who has an infant, and threatens her to feed the baby. These matters make Tsotsi to embark on his painful process. This movie has an excellent opening, ending and delivery which can draw the audience’s attention. Also, the cameramen use the high quality of skills which can strongly reflect the situation in Africa. Moreover, characters are one of the souls of the movie which the emotion toward the audience can light up a whole movie. Lastly, this movie can reflect the social problems in Africa which we need to treasure what we have. At the beginning of the movie, on the train, Tsotsi and his friends try to steal money. This compact opening catches the audience’s attention. Besides, this movie has a little flashback to the childhood of Tsotsi, apart from the flashback memories of childhood that Tsotsi himself experiences early in the film. The viewers can clearly understand the reason behind how he becomes a robber. The viewer will not get confused because this movie is quite straightforward and clear. The story move step by step. Actually, it shows the time line from getting the baby accidently in the car to giving back the baby to her parents. The movie is mainly surrounding the kidnapping case. Furthermore, at the end of the movie, it is the turning point of Tsotsi which can see him change from hatred to care of a person. At that time, Tsotsi feels regret, and he is planning to give back the baby to her parents. When he arrives in their house, he stays for a long time and tries to talk with her parents. The audience will start getting irritated because they know the police are coming, they dont want Tsotsi to get caught. They will feel confused. Nevertheless, this movie has a great ending which provide a theme for the audience to discuss. It shows that Tsotsi raises his arms to the policemen, and all aiming their guns at him. What happens next? Does Tsotsi surrender? Or do the police shoot him? All of these are the possible thing that might happen. The filmmakers choose this wonderful ending because they want the audience to think of the movie and guess if there will be another episode following to continue. This is a smart way to promote a movie. Moreover, the lighting effect is one of the attraction points. Cameramen are one the souls of each movie; how the audience invests in the movie relies on the cameramen. This is a praiseworthy achievement of the cameramen; they do a great job in this movie. This film that includes wonderful and very convincing performances gives an extraordinary spiritual power. Most scenes take place either at night or in the early morning; shooting at night is always difficult, and the cameramen have to keep watching for the correct environment lighting conditions. But the cameramen still can catch a specific moment; this shows that they have a good skills. In addition, Tsot ¬si, played by Presley Chweneyagae, acts very well in this movie. His emotional expression can influence the other actors, and put them into their own characters deeply. Besides, he shows his emotion toward to the baby, and he can convey his emotion to the audience too. These emotions can light up the whole movie. When Tsotsi sees Miriam is feeding the baby, the viewer can know how poor the childhood of Tsotsi is, and the viewer can see he really wants a mother’s love. In addition, this movie has a strong emotional line between the baby and Tsotsi. Tsotsi has already built up a relationship with the baby. The baby seems like his sister. In the movie, Tsotsi says, â€Å"The baby is mine,† which mean he really cares about the baby. He doesn’t want to lose it. Finally, this movie is the hottest topic in the third world. This movie, Tsotsi, shows the social problems in Africa, like homelessness, and famine. Everyone born is a present from God. We are unique and pure. No one is supposed to be a thief or evil. Tsotsi also is kindhearted when he looks at the baby. Unluckily, the community always forces him to do bad things. If he doesn’t follow the rules; he will be killed by. Besides, in the movie, Tsotsi lives in a slum, which shows how poor life is. Is it fate? So, we need to be glad that we are living in such a peaceful and bountiful place. Everything is not inevitable; we need to treasure what we have and not compare with the others. Through this movie, the viewers will learn the living standard in Africa, and they can understand what kinds of problems it has. All the main and minor characters and plotlines that are explored probably deserve appreciation, as overall they all play their parts well. All of the characters are significant. The emotion expressed is excellent. It’s a movie that will influence people, and the viewers have to pay attention to understand the meaning inside. This movie also won the 2005 Academy Globe for Best Foreign Language Film. So, Tsotsi is a remarkable movie that you must watch, and it has a strong meaning.

Proposal for Fashion Industry Essay Example for Free

Proposal for Fashion Industry Essay Age: The consumer club of Espire company would like to know how customer spend their money every day. Many customers complain that they do not have enough money at the end of the month. The purpose of this questionnaire is to find out the inequity of our customer. It will determine where they go to shopping, How much they spend on items they buy, is the product is affordable and etc. The data will be kept confidential. Please return completed questionnaire to your introduce or put it in the envelope in front of room g15. Indicate your feeling about the following items by ticking ( / ) on the appropriate line. 1. What is your work status? Student Working Self-employed 0thers, please specify __________ 2.What is your annual spending on designer and fashion accessories in a year? Less than RM100 RM100-RM400 RM401-RM900 RM901-RM1500 More than RM1500 3.Do you think our products are affordable to buy? Yes No 4. How important are the following features of a shopping experience to you? Important Unimportant Price On-Trend Brand Convenient Location Store Atmosphere Product Quality 5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. Agree Disagree Espire has low prices Espire has a contemporary image Espire has a well known brand name Espire has a convenient location Espire produces high quality products Espire is a trendsetter Thank you for your cooperation ESPIRE COMPANY QUESTIONNAIRE Â  Name: Gender:Â  Age: The consumer club of Espire company would like to know how customer react on usage of real animal fur .Many customers complain that they don’t encourage the usage of real animal fur in our daily life. Meanwhile the others prefer to use real animal fur in our daily life.The purpose of this questionnaire is to find out which type of society is majority in this world. It will determine what type of material they use , what items they buy, is the product is worth it and etc. The data will be kept confidential. Please return completed questionnaire to your introduce or put it in the envelope in front of room g15. Indicate your feeling about the following items by ticking ( / ) on the appropriate line. Yes No 1. I do not use clothes and accessories made from real animal fur. 2. I change my clothes made from real animal fur regularly. 3. Clothes and accessories made from Real animal fur is popular among Teenagers and adults. 4. Where do you get information about products made from real animal fur? friend magazine tv/radio the internet newspaper other, please specify _________________ 5. Please rank the following criteria you use in materials used in fashion industry (1- Most preferred to 5 –lease preferred) real animal fur cotton pvc price brand name

ECG and Pulse Oximetry: History and Types

ECG and Pulse Oximetry: History and Types In this chapter, we will discuss the history of ECG and pulse oximetry, the timeline and variations through time of the concepts used. We all also discuss the types of pulse oximetry and the electronics used with their requirements. 1.1 History of ECG The history of ECG is very wide, dating back to the 1600 with William Gilbert (that introduced the electrica concept for objects holding static electricity) (1).The most important founders of the electrocardiogram concept were Emil Reymond and Willem Einthoven. In 1843, Emil Reymond was the founder of the electrocardiograph concept by using a galvanometer to state that muscular contraction has action potentials. He also identified the types of waves by using the P, Q, R, and S waves. His studies inspired many physicians to continue and develop his work further. The evolution of concepts continued until the discovery of P, Q, R, S and T waves by Willem Einthoven in 1895. Einthoven also invented a modified galvanometer and used in for electrocardiogram recording. As a reward for his work, he won a Noble price in 1924 for inventing the electrocardiograph (1). As stated before, the history of ECG is very wide, therefore we will limit the observation to the movement done between 1843 and 1942 as shown in the following table: Table 1: ECG Timeline Year Scientist Concept 1842 Carlo Matteucci heart beat is accompanied by electric current 1843 Emil Dubois-Reymond Muscular contraction is accompanied by action potential. Test carlos concept on animals successfully 1856 Koelliker , Muller Record of the action potential concept 1869 Alexander Muirhead Might have recorded a human electrocardiogram 1872 Gabriel Lippmann Capillary Electrometer invented 1876 Marey EJ Electrical activity of animal recorded by the electrometer 1878 John Sanderson , Frederick Page Electrical current of the heart is recorded Divide into two phases (later known as QRS and T) 1887 Augustus Waller First human electrocardiogram is published 1890 GJ Burch Arithmetic correction of the electrometer 1891 William Bayliss , Edward Starling Capillary electrometer improved Discovery of deflections (later known as P,QRS,T) and delay (later know as PR interval) 1893 Willem Einthoven The term electrocardiogram introduced 1895 Deflections P,Q,R,S and T distinguished 1897 Clement Ader Galvanometer invented( Amplification system for the lines of telegraph ) 1901 Willem Einthoven Galvanometer modified for ECG use 1902 ECG records using galvanometer published 1903 Commercial production of galvanometer discussed 1905 Telecardigram invented (transmission of ECG signal by telephone) 1906 Normal and abnormal ECG record published Introduction of the U wave 1908 Edward Schafer First purchase of Einthovens galvanometer 1910 Walter James, Horatio Williams Electrocardiography reviewed for the first time in America 1911 Thomas Lewis Publication of a book about heart beat mechanism 1912 Willem Einthoven Description of the Einthoven triangle (formed for the leads) 1920 Hubert Mann Derivation of mono-cardiogram (later known as vector-cardiogram) 1924 Willem Einthoven Nobel price won for the electrocardiograph invention 1928 Ernstine, Levine Introduction of vacuum-tubes for ECG amplification Frank Sanborn First portable ECG invented 1932 Charles Wolferth and Francis Wood Description of the chest leads use in the coronary occlusion 1938 American heart and cardiac British association Standard positions of chest leads defined and added (V1 to V6) 1942 Emanuel Goldberge Addition of aVR, aVL and AVF to previous model Final ECG model used today 1.2: History of pulse oximetry The revolutionary paper by Comroe and Botelho was the founder movement that stated the need for a better method for the detection of hypoxaemia later known as pulse oximetry. The paper clearly underlined the unreliability of the cyanosis method currently used for the detection of arterial hypoxaemia. This was done by showing that if the oxygen saturation is reduced to 75% the cyanosis could not be detected. Another paper written by Lundsgaard and Van Slyke enhanced the movement. The paper showed the factors that enhance the cyanosis such as 5mg reduced hemoglobin per 100 ml capillary blood. The paper also showed that the subject, environmental factors and the tester affects greatly the detection of cyanosis. As a result, many type of instrumentation were developed to detect the presence of hypoxaemia. However, these devices were inaccurate due to the inability to detect the difference between arterial oxygen saturation and the arterial venous and capillary blood. This separation rema ins a problem until the microprocessor era where the separation was finally realizable. Pulse oximetry started as a simple monitoring technique and evolved through 15 years to become mandatory with every anaesthetic. It has the ability to detect the difference between arterial blood and venous capillary blood due to the pulsatile characteristics of the arterial blood and the smooth flowing of the capillary blood. The pulse oximetry became mandatory in anaesthetic due to the many characteristic such as: having a safety monitor showing the amount of oxygenation in the patient and the circulation of the blood having an non-invasive nature having no morbidity low running cost low capital cost On the other hand, pulse oximetry has been imposed to some unjust criticism as in the case of any new technology. As a result, pulse oximetry has been accused of morbidity despite being a non-invasive technique; it has been accused of causing tissue damage to the tissues adjacent to the probe. As a result, the Medical Devices Agency in England issued a safety action bulletin that contained a historical background, mode of operation, calibration problems, the characteristics of clinical uses and the technique limitation. 1.2.1 Hewlett-Packard ear oximeter Johann Heinrich Lambert was the founder of the correlation that exists between the absorbant and the amount of light absorbed in 1760. His ideas were developed later on by August Beer in 1851. However, the first real adoption of pulse oximetry was the ear oximeter founded by Hewlett-Packard. The concept used in this oximeter is based on an incandescent source combined with narrowband interference filters to transmit eight different wavelengths. Fiberoptics are used to lead the transmitted light from pinna to the detector. The calculation of the arterial oxygen saturation is based on the eight wavelengths absorption. In order to approximate the arterial saturation .this calculation is based on an approximation of overall absorption. The ear is heated causing vasodilation and the capillary blow flow to increase. That phenomenon leads to the approximation of the arterial saturation. The main problem of the device was the constant need for calibration due to the large and hard to handle probe-head. However, this technique was the only technique that allows continuous measurement of oxygen saturation; therefore this technique was the founder of pulse oximetry 1.2.2 Prototype pulse oximeter The founder configuration of pulse oximeter or the prototype used a light source and two bundles of fibers. The light source is made of halogen incandescent lamp to transmit the broad band energy to a fingertip probe. This transmission was done using a glass fiber bundle. Another bundle of fibers were used to return the transmitted energy to the apparatus. This returning energy is divided into two paths at the apparatus: one passing through a 650nm centered filter interface having a narrow bandwidth, and the second path passing through an 805 nm centered filter centered, that point is isopiestic hemoglobin. Then, a semiconductor sensor is used to detect the appropriate energy at the wavelengths passed through each filter. Finally, an analogue calculation is used to find the appropriate value of the oxygen saturation. This is clearly shown in the figure bellow. This primary prototype had many disadvantages such as: Having a heavy probe Having an hard to manage Fiberoptics cable Having an inaccurate filters letting some undesired wavelengths to pass through the tissues of the fingers Having a biohazard on the finger, in some cases the finger could burn Not fully respecting the beer-Lambert law Insensitivity with low pulse pressure Having a tendency to change in the analogue electronics part 1.2.3 Traditional pulse oximeter The current pulse oximeter uses light emitting diodes with a semiconductor photo detector to generate two wavelengths of 660 nm and 940 nm. Therefore this design provides a small and efficient probe to be attached to the ear or the finger and a small cable to connect the probe and the main unit. However, the pulse oximeter used with a magnetic resonance scanner has a different design. The main unit contains all the electronic components and optical fibers are used to transmit the light energy to and from the patient 1.2.4 Complete history of pulse oximetry BeerLambert law in 1851 Discovery of oxygen carrier in blood as a form of pigment by Georg Gabriel Stokes in 1864 Purification of the pigment and naming it hemoglobin by Felix Hoppe in 1864 Detailed study of the reflection spectra of the hemoglobin and the finger by Karl von Veirordt in 1876 Detailed study of the absorption spectra by Carl Gustav Hufner in 188790 Measure of the oxygen saturation in fish using spectroscopy by August Krough and I Leicht in 1919 Study of the light transmitted throughout human tissues using quantitative spectrophotometry by Ludwig Nicolai in 1931 Measurement of the oxygen saturation of blood through laboratory tubes Kurt Kramer in 1934 Measurement of the spectrum of concentrated hemolysed and non-hemolysed blood by David Drabkin and James Harold Austin in 1935 Continuous monitoring of oxygenation is achieved by passing red and infrared light throughout the finger web by JR Squires in 1940. This was done by creating bloodless area of calibration by compression of tissues Revolutionary change in the concept of oximeter leading to the development of the Millikan oximeter by Glen Alan Millikan in 1940-42 Creation of Woods ear oximeter by Earl Wood in 194850 Ability to differentiate between hemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin by the creation of CO-oximeter in 1960 Creation of the ear oximeter having eight wavelengths by Robert Shaw in 1964 Marketing of the newly created ear oximeter by Hewlett-Packard in 1970 Separation of the arteries absorption from the tissues absorption using the pulsatile nature of the absorption signal by Takuo Aoyagi in 1971 Development of prototype pulse oximeter containing luminous light source , filters and analogue electronics by Aoyagi in 1974 Commercialization of the pulse oximeter in 1975 Chapter II: Pulse Oximetry Characteristics The pulse oximeter separates the variation of oxygenation absorbance of the human boundary. The pulse oximeter uses the reflection from the skin and tissues or the transmission through the human boundary to perform spectrophotometry. The most common used technique is the transmission technique, but the reflection technique is also used in intrapartum monitoring. 2.1 Transmission pulse oximetry The human parts that must be chosen as extremity are the earlobe, toe, noise or typically the finger. The chosen part should have a short optical path length to have a translucent nature at the wavelengths used. The wavelengths used should have the range of 600 nm to 1300 nm and in the same range of the absorption spectrum due to the fact that each spices of hemoglobin have a unique absorption as shown in the figure bellow. As a result from the formulas we can show that the minimum number of used wavelengths should be greater or equal to the number of unknowns. As a result the commonly used pulse oximetry uses two wavelengths for the two unknowns oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin. In addition, the wavelengths used must be monochromatic and have a low cost. In the design, a sensitive detector must be used to prevent high levels energy that causes tissue damage from passing through. Thus, there is a need to separate the saturation value for arterial hemoglobin. In order to separate the saturation, computing power is used for arterial hemoglobin saturation extraction. In addition to that, spectrophotometry requires the use of a laser due to the requirement of a single wavelength/color source as energy source. Therefore two lasers are used each having a different wavelength in order to transmit the energy to the patient boundary using optical fibers. Due to the presence of the laser, the pulse oximetry will have a high cost, a fragile nature and requires safety implications. However, the fiber optic cables were rejected in the later designs after the discovery of the possibility of the use of LED as an energy source. As a result, the overheating of the tissues problem was removed and the narrowband filters were removed from the design thus reducing the cost and fragility of the design. In addition, the number of photodector was reduced to a single device due to the possibility of switching the LEDs on and off quickly. 2.2 LEDs Energy sources used in pulse oximetry are monochromatic ideally with the option of using the expensive semiconductor lasers. Early pulse oximeter used similar wavelengths of 660 nm for red light and 940 nm for near infrared. Therefore, LEDs of 660nm and 940 nm were used in these designs. However, modern devices used additional wavelengths. Doped Material Wavelength Light Ga.28In.72As.6P.4 1250 nm Infrared Ga 1100 nm GaAsSi 940 nm GaAs 900 nm GaAIAs 880 nm GaAIAs 810 nm Near Infrared GaP:ZnO GaAs.6P.4 780 to 622 nm Red GaAs.35P.65 622 to 597 nm Orange GaAs.14P.86 597 to 577 nm Yellow GaP:N 755 to 492 nm Green GaAs-phosphor (ZnS, SiC) 492 to 455 nm Blue GaN 455 to 390 nm Violet GaN GaS2 455 to 350 nm Ultraviolet Standard pulse oximetry have the isobestic point (805 nm) at which there are two wavelength concentrated at each side. As stated earlier, two wavelengths of 940 nm (infrared) and 660nm. The absorption spectra are flat at 940nm allowing the calibration to be immune to the variations in the peak wavelength. In addition to that, the difference between the absorption of reduced hemoglobin and the absorption of oxygenated hemoglobin at 660nm is large ,causing a flat curve and allowing the detection of changes in absorption caused by small changes in oxygen saturation . 2.3 Probe The probe of a pulse oximeter consists of light emitting diodes as energy source having a perpendicular output through the extremity towards a semiconductor photo-detector. The mechanical design prevent mispositioning that cause errors in calibration 2.3.1 Differential Amplifiers in the probe Nowadays differential amplifier techniques are being used in the plethysmograph signal to enhance the common mode electrical and magnetic noise reduction. The amplification is done between the conductor signal and the current pathway. This amplification is performed to prevent the electromagnetic interference (EMI) from affecting the probe or the lead. Due to the fact that, a small voltage signal cause the voltage generated by the EMI to be greater than the signal itself. Two identical conductors from the detector to an amplifier are feed through the differential amplifier. The resulting output will be the absolute value of the signal from conductor 1 minus the signal from conductor 2. The advantage of using such a differential amplifier is that the induced voltage from the EMI will be two identical signals that will cancel each others. The energy output of the photo detector must be immune to the variation in the fingers thickness, leading to a variable energy output from the LEDs. This criterion requires detectable and unsaturated energy levels that reach the semiconductor. In the other hand, the current passing through the LED must be varied to allow the variation in the intensity of the output over several orders of magnitude. This variation is necessary to prevent high level of energy from passing through the tissues, causing heat damage. 2.3.2 LED in the probe LED used in pulse oximetry have a bandwidth between 10 and 50 nm and a 15 nm centre wavelengths variation. On the other hand, variations in the driving current cause errors at the red LED but doesnt have any effect on the near infrared LED. These facts are related to the absorption spectra; it is flat near infrared region and steep in near the red region as shown in figure 3. This will lead to an increasing inaccuracy in pulse oximeter as the oxygen saturation decreases. This problem can be solved by two different ways: 1. Selection of LED having an acceptable range of errors in the center wavelengths. 2. Measurement and calibration of center wavelengths into actual wavelength The calibration is usually performed by the use of a fixed resistor attached to the connector of the probe lead. This resistor will automatically set the probes wavelength to the one of the red LED. 2.4 Photo-detector In pulse oximetry, a single photo-detector made of silicon photodiode is positioned perpendicularly to the LED in order to detect the energy from both LEDs. Due to the fact that semiconductors are sensitive to external energy and light, general semiconductors have their size increased. However, Semiconductor photo-detectors having their sensitivity varying with wavelength, take advantage of the limited photosensitivity to limits the choice of device and the scope of wavelengths. The silicon photodiode is characterized by the direct correlation between the output and the incident light and its wide dynamic range. On the other hand, phototransistors have more electrical noise, but more sensitivity than photodiodes. The electrically screened flexible cable carries the LEDs power and the small signal from the photo-detector. The cables also have the function of temperature detection of the probe and the skin using conductors. Finally, in order to be immune to the mechanical artifacts caused by movement, the cable must be flexible and light. 2.5 Electronics 2.5.1 Electronics circuitry Pulse oximetry makes use of different electronics circuitry for different purposes: Amplifies the signal coming from the photo detector Separates the plethysmograph signals into red signals and infrared signals. Switching and controlling the current of the LED. Setting the gain of the signals to be equivalent to the other signal Divide the signal into arterial signal and other signals Convert the infrared signals and the red signals into digital signals using AD conversion. Computation of the ratio red to infrared. Eliminates artifacts Compute the value of oxygen saturation Display of the computed values Managing the alarms settings The absorption of energy from the LED to the photo-detector creates the signal in the red and the infrared channels. This absorption is the assembly of different absorptions from various sources such as arterial blood and its pulsation, venous blood and tissues. The initial amplification stage is implemented by analog electronics, whereas calculation of spo2 stage is implemented with a microprocessor, the photo-detector signal is treated by electronics or microprocessors. The output signal from the analog part is processed by an ADC to be suitable for the digital part or the microprocessor. 2.5.2 Amplification stage The amplification is processed in different stages: The low amplitude photo-detector signal is amplified. The LEDs are energized in an alternating sequence with a short delay in between to allow the measurement of external light. The amplified signal is decomposed into three signals: red, infrared, and dark signal. The electronic filters remove the 1 KHz high-frequency switching, making the signal continuous and having different wavelength. The dark signal is subtracted from the DC levels to prevent problems from the energy source. The DC components of the infrared signal is equalized to the DC components of the red signal by changing the amplitude of a photo-plethysmograph signal . The red to infrared ratio is calculated from the amplitudes of the AC components. 2.5.3 Conventional Spo2 calculation methods Earlier pulse oximetry used one of two methods to calculate the spo2 values. The first method is solving simultaneous BeerLambert law equations. However, this method have many limitations such as one unknown, absence of scattering and turbidity, and the need for the path length to be constant. Due to the many limitations, this method is considered inaccurate and therefore rejected. The second and common method uses the red to infrared ration with a look up table to find the spo2 values. The thickness and size of the finger varies from one person to another, thus the optical density will also vary from one patient to another. However, the saturation of the semiconductor does not depend on the characteristics of the patient but only on the intensity of light. In order to have the same saturation, the same amount of light is applied to the patient regardless of the size and age. This can cause serious heat damage for children. The prevention of this problem is another microprocessors role. The microprocessor implements a correction factor that controls the LED current and synchronizes the LEDs intensities. The resulting current should be the minimum amount of light energy allowing the calculation of pulse oximetry while not damaging the tissue 2.6 Elimination of artifacts The intact calculated saturation values include the real values with some invalid values created by artifacts. Therefore, statistical averaging methods are used in order to remove these artifacts 2.6.1 Mechanical movement artifacts The mechanical movement artifacts are processed with the Nellcor algorithm. The Nellcor algorithm consists of the following steps: Divide the output signal from the differential amplification stage into pulses. Check the pulses for motion artifacts If the pulses do not contain motion artifacts, compare the identified pulse to the normal pulse. If the pulse contains motion artifacts, higher standards for the quality of the light motion signal are applied. The resulting pulse should be compared to the normal pulse If the pulse is not identical to the normal pulse, that pulse is rejected If the pulse is identical to the normal pulse, check if characteristics of the indentified pulse are physiologically possible If the characteristics of the identified pulse are not physiologically possible , that pulse is rejected If the characteristics of the identified pulse are physiologically possible, the pulse is compared to the average of the preceding pulses If the pulse is not equal to the average of the preceding pulses, that pulse is rejected If the pulse is equal to the average of the preceding pulses, the pulse is divided at dicrotic notch . Then the whole pulse or the main component is selected for the calculation. Then, a filter based on confidence assessment is implemented Finally, the SpO2 value is calculated

William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: Essays Papers

LORD OF THE FLIES My report is about the very well known book "Lord of the flies", by William Golding. There are many characters in this book, but the most important ones are Ralph, Jack, Simon, Piggy, and Roger. When I read this book I discovered a great change in most of their personalities, especially Jack's. So I would say that they are all dynamic characters. Ralph, in the beginning of the novel, had a boyish personality. Then later on in the novel, he became much more mature due to the fact that all of them had to live in a more civilized manner to get a long and to survive while waiting to be rescued. Jack, in the beginning of the novel was Ralph's most powerful antagonist. Then later on turned against Ralph and becomes leader. Simon is a unique character in the novel. He remains largely uninvolved with any of the power struggles between Ralph and Jack. He was killed. Roger is very mean. He killed Piggy by pushing a big bolder on top of him. Piggy was the intellectual in the group. He complained a lot in the beginning, but later on became more mature. But, unfortunately, he was killed by Roger. The novel begins about a group of English people who are marooned on a tropical island when the plane evacuating them from atomic war-torn England crashes. So now this group of boys are alone on this island. Then Ralph called an assembly to talk to the other guys about making a plan to get along and survive. The struggle starts in trying to make rules for the group to live by. There were many more conflicts through out the novel. But the main conflict is the boys trying to get along with each other and survive while waiting to be rescued from a

Hacking satellite cards :: essays research papers

Writing a "Private 3M Script" First it is important to define the term "3M." The term "3M" simply refers to a script's ability to unlock all of the channels, based on the saying "All for one, and One for all!" from the "3 Musketeers," (which came from the old days of hacking cable boxes where all channels were viewable through one channel). Anyway, "3M" now is just a generic term for a card that has all channels open and no stealth or write protection. In stealth scripts, the "3M" code refers to the actual part of the code that enables the video.All scripts that open all of the channels are 3M's, however most people are referring to scripts that auto-update on their own, when they refer to a 3M. The card auto-updates because it has no commands blocked, and it appears to be a normal subbed card, as much as possible. The EASIEST type of 3M to write is to modify a valid bin file, by editing it in BasicH. Before you can write a script to modify the card, you need to be able to edit a bin file manually to make those changes. If you read through this page carefully you will find everything you need to know to modify a valid bin file with unique jump points and a 3M code. After you are done editing your valid bin file you will have a private 3M that auto-updates, with private jump points. To remove simply do a 1-STEP clean in BasicH or BasicU. If you follow the directions you should have a fairly safe 3M to use. If you have a private 3M (that does not have code in any regions that have been changed ago updates) your card would still be running today no matter HOW long they've been you installed it. They can only send a "killer" ECM that will loop your cards if they have 8 known bytes in a row that they can hash. In order to ZAP your card with an ECM your card needs to be detected as being "hacked." In order to do this they need to know you card's "signature," and your signature is based on the "extra&quo t; data that is on your card: the jump points and 3M code. If they don't know your jump points or how exactly you broke up your 3M code then it is not possible for them to target you since they won't know the "signature" of your card. Hacking satellite cards :: essays research papers Writing a "Private 3M Script" First it is important to define the term "3M." The term "3M" simply refers to a script's ability to unlock all of the channels, based on the saying "All for one, and One for all!" from the "3 Musketeers," (which came from the old days of hacking cable boxes where all channels were viewable through one channel). Anyway, "3M" now is just a generic term for a card that has all channels open and no stealth or write protection. In stealth scripts, the "3M" code refers to the actual part of the code that enables the video.All scripts that open all of the channels are 3M's, however most people are referring to scripts that auto-update on their own, when they refer to a 3M. The card auto-updates because it has no commands blocked, and it appears to be a normal subbed card, as much as possible. The EASIEST type of 3M to write is to modify a valid bin file, by editing it in BasicH. Before you can write a script to modify the card, you need to be able to edit a bin file manually to make those changes. If you read through this page carefully you will find everything you need to know to modify a valid bin file with unique jump points and a 3M code. After you are done editing your valid bin file you will have a private 3M that auto-updates, with private jump points. To remove simply do a 1-STEP clean in BasicH or BasicU. If you follow the directions you should have a fairly safe 3M to use. If you have a private 3M (that does not have code in any regions that have been changed ago updates) your card would still be running today no matter HOW long they've been you installed it. They can only send a "killer" ECM that will loop your cards if they have 8 known bytes in a row that they can hash. In order to ZAP your card with an ECM your card needs to be detected as being "hacked." In order to do this they need to know you card's "signature," and your signature is based on the "extra&quo t; data that is on your card: the jump points and 3M code. If they don't know your jump points or how exactly you broke up your 3M code then it is not possible for them to target you since they won't know the "signature" of your card.

How to Write a Last-minute Essay -- Expository Process Essays

How to Write a Last-minute Essay In high school I was assigned a number of essays to write. With each essay came a lengthy period of time when I was to brainstorm, develop a thesis, piece together an introduction, craft supporting arguments, and deliver an exemplary conclusion. After several attempts at stretching out this process over the allotted time, I discovered that it was to my advantage if I saved the entire project until the last day or two and raced myself against the deadline clock. What resulted in almost all my efforts were pieces of writing that used my creative talent and focused my incessant desire to write into a clear essay. Now that I am taking a college composition course, I feel that the skill of writing a quality last-minute essay under pressure should be shared with my companions in the world of college writing. To successfully piece together a last-minute essay, a topic must be selected and agreed upon before sitting down to write. This ensures that the writer can stay mentally focused and be able to concentrate solely on writing the essay. Once the to...

Role of Youth

[pic] Prepared by: Jennifer Corriero Date of Release:January 2004 Lead Organization: TakingITGlobal Special Thanks: Advisors: Professor David Wheeler, PhD Joseph Amati, Masters Student Ellen Ratchye, Research Analyst, Fallon; Shelley Smith and Robert Bernard, DCODE Technology Support: Martin Kuplens-Ewart Data analysis and research support: Jacob Bleakley, Noor Alibhai, Hugh Switzer Final Edit: Huss Banai and Michael FurdykTable of Contents: |1 |Executive Summary |3 | | | | | |2 |Introduction |5 | | | | | |2. 1 |Demographic Force |5 | |2. |Democracy on the Rise |5 | |2. 3 |Culture of Leadership |6 | |2. 4 |A Shift in Power Dynamics |7 | |2. 5 |TakingITGlobal Online Community and Vision |8 | |2. |Youth as Key Stakeholders |9 | |2. 7 |Youth as Engaged Citizens |10 | |2. 8 |From Student to Teacher |10 | |2. 9 |Young Employees as a Source of Innovation |11 | |2. 10 |The Interactive Consumer |12 | |2. 1 |The Need for a Holistic Perspective on Youth |13 | | | | | |3 |Role of Youth S urvey: Key Objectives |14 | | | | | |4 |Role of Youth Survey: Methodology |15 | | | | | |4. |Promotion of Survey |16 | |4. 2 |Analysis of Survey Results |17 | |4. |Demographic Profile of Respondents |20 | | | | | |5 |Defining Youth |22 | | | | | |6 |Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Youth |26 | | | | | |7 |Issues of Importance to Youth |29 | | | | | |8 |Participation in Decision-Making |31 | | | | | |9 |Factors Influencing the Changing Roles of the Youth |34 | | | | | |10 |Youth as Agents of Change |37 | | | | | |11 |Conclusion |40 | | | | | |12 |General References |42 | 1. Executive SummaryThis report is the outcome of a larger process, building on months of reading and research of secondary materials, years of personal experiences meeting with and understanding the issues and perspectives of young people around the world. This research seeks to demonstrate that globally, young people today have more power and potential to create change than any previous generation of y outh. It seeks to discover the ways in which young people define themselves, how they are perceived by society, how they are best engaged in decision-making, and the role of technology in facilitating the shifting role of youth. This report is based on a survey designed by Jennifer Corriero, based on five prevalent categories: Defining Youth, Perceptions and Attitudes towards Youth, Youth Participation in Decision-Making, The Role of Technology, and Youth as Change Agents.Conducted in partnership with an international NGO, TakingITGlobal (TIG), the electronic survey was promoted and filled out by over 1,400 respondents, after which qualitative and quantitative questions were separated, organized, grouped, and analyzed, with the assistance of a number of individuals. Finally, this report was created to communicate the values and trends underlying the statistics and statements of respondents from around the world. The question of how youth is defined resulted in an interesting array o f suggestions. Age led with over half of the responses, followed by suggestions that youth represents personality characteristics or outlooks on life. A young female in India suggests that youth are those who are vivacious, full of energy† – people who â€Å"want to make a mark in life†. The idea of youth being a life stage between dependant and independent was another major grouping of responses, suggesting that youth are â€Å"starting to enjoy freedom for the first time†, according to a young man from Zimbabwe. As the perceptions and attitudes towards youth were investigated, it was discovered that the majority of youth (62. 3%) have a lot of reasons for hope for the future. In regions such as Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, a stronger sense of optimism could perhaps be attributed to the need for a positive outlook to survive in many of the developing countries in those regions.Consumer culture was consistently felt around the world to have too much influence of today’s youth, according to 76% of respondents. Education was seen as meaningful and important by 89% of survey participants, with 62. 2% feeling that youth are not equipped with the skills they require for jobs. Education, employment, friends, music and various social issues were stated as the top areas of concern and interest of youth within their communities. Sustainability only made it into the top 10 in Africa and Asia, suggesting that the rest of the world has yet to make sustainable living a priority, or even something that people are aware and confronted with as an important issue.Employment was in the top 3 in every region, and was first in South America, with many young people expressing concerns about ensuring that they have the necessary skills and experiences to be employed in their field of interest at a sustainable wage. As youth participation in decision-making was explored, it was discovered that the highest area of youth participation takes plac e within local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), with national NGOs close behind. Youth were least involved with national governments, which in most countries have yet to engage in meaningful strategies to encourage or facilitate youth participation, evidenced by the low voter turnout rates amongst youth, especially in North America.As Jesse Ventura, governor of Minnesota put it once on CNN â€Å"Youth don’t vote because they say politicians don’t care about their issues. Politicians don’t care about their issues because youth don’t vote! † It appears that NGOs have the best relationships with youth and thus are best positioned to meaningfully engage youth in various political processes. Respondents were very positive about the role of technology in transforming the role of youth in society and organizations. The majority see technology as an enabler for information to be shared and meaningful communication to be had. A variety of concerns wer e also brought up such as the digital divide, and how technology helps those who have access to it.Many examples were highlighted discussing the various ways that young people have made a meaningful impact in their communities and how they would change or improve the world, their countries and the role of youth in their communities. Overall, the sample of youth in this survey uncovered an optimistic, forward-looking generation encompassing young of age and youth-minded individuals. They are comfortable with and enabled by technological progress and change, interested in engaging in local and global decision-making, and they are already having significant impacts in their communities, countries, regions, and around the world. They want to be educated, they recognize gaps in their skills, and in many cases they can clearly identify the needs of not just themselves but of their peers.The sample was respectful of the wisdom of the elders that have led them to where they are, but also re ady and willing for the challenges that await them as they mature and discover the complexities of our global ecosystem. 2. Introduction Young people growing up today have far more power and potential to create change than any previous generation of youth growing up. Much of this shift is a direct result of the information revolution and access to opportunities that have been provided to people of all ages, especially to those growing up in the information age. This report will discuss prevalent demographic and political trends, the nature of youth in today’s global information society, and will provide reflections on the changing roles and responsibilities of youth in this new setting.A discussion concerning youth as stakeholders will look at how traditional perceptions of the role of youth as passive citizens, students, employees, and consumers are actively challenged and questioned today. An empirical narrative providing background on my experiences most relevant to this t rend, moreover, will be shared to provide personal context to this research. Lastly, the results and key findings from a survey conducted on the Role of Youth will be shared. 2. 1 Demographic Force Young people are also an ever-growing demographic force. According to UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), there are more than one billion people between the ages of 15 and 24 on the planet. [i] In the developing world, where 80 percent of young people can be found, youth comprise up to 70 percent of some nations’ populations. ii] In the United States of America, the baby boom generations of the 1940s 1950s made possible the subsequent echo boom (those born between 1977 and 1997), of which today’s young people are a substantial part – 80+ million strong[iii]. 2. 2 Democracy on the Rise The transformation of many authoritarian states to democracies (as shown in figure 1 below) has further improved and provided the essential conditions and environment for young peopl e to explore their interests, express themselves, take action on issues they care about, and access information. [pic][iv] As a result of the Internet, population growth, and rise of democratic societies, a new paradigm in the role of young people is beginning to emerge, resulting in the recognition of youth as citizens, students, employees and consumers.As many as 620 million people have access to the World Wide Web and related information and communications technologies (ICTs) worldwide, with the majority of Internet users based in the non-English-speaking countries. [v] English comprises 36. 5 percent (230. 6 million) of the world online population language, while the non-English-speaking world represents 63. 9 percent (403. 5 million). [vi] According to 2000 statistics from Forrester Research, 56 percent of 16-22 year-olds are online in the United States. They spend an average of 9 hours online, 38 percent more than the average wired adult and are involved in a wider variety of online activities compared to adults – 20 percent more. vii] The same survey found the majority of Internet users in the United States to be in the 18-49 age-group (63 percent), with only 37 percent of users in the 50+ age-group. [viii] 2. 3 Culture of Leadership The culture of leadership for much of the twentieth century was influenced, and modeled after, centralized structures of governance and rigid forms of authority. The onset of the Industrial Revolution unleashed a series of uncontested norms and universally-accepted orthodoxies that associated centralized management systems and constant decision-making with effective leadership. The social consequences of mass production and centralized management of many industries reduced the traditional family into solitary unit of production.As observed by one of the foremost theorists of management theory, Peter F. Drucker, the massive standardization of production methods and operating procedures (‘machine bureaucracy†™) also served to loosen the some conventional familial characteristics, ultimately culminating into the â€Å"crisis of the family†: On the farm and in the artisan's workshop husband, wife, and children worked together. The factory, almost for the first time in history, took worker and work out of the home and moved them into the workplace, leaving family members behind — whether spouses of adult factory workers or, especially in the early stages, parents of child factory workers. [ix]This centralized view of management in latter half of the past century, however, gradually conceded to more diffused and informal structures of governance; as more theorists and practitioners arrived at the common conclusion that â€Å"the better a business firm [organization] is organized, the more naturally decision rights gravitate to the spot where the best information is available about the specific decision that has to be made. †[x] The emergence, and mainstream influence of, the Internet in the past decade, moreover, has had a profound impact on the way a given society manages its daily affairs – socially, politically, and economically – bringing with it new, and never-before-heard-of industries, such as biotechnology and IT telecommunications.Whereas we may make the case that the rigid structures of the industrial age had a number of indirect negative impacts on families as a result of its emphasis on standardization and mass production, many believe that the information age, with its focus on integration and wide-scale distribution of information, has served the family by highlighting the importance of local communities and inter-cultural communication. [xi] Under the centralized form of governance, and prior to the Information Revolution, those with the most power and experience effectively possessed a monopoly over access to sources of information, and, therefore, tended to act as leaders within their communities. The â€Å"decisi on rights† of the younger and more inexperienced people were virtually non-existent and often viewed as being connected to those of women and the less advantaged in the society.In many ways, this paradigm still persists today in the sense that young people are seen by many as having passive roles in society, such as the student who is there to learn rather than teach, the young employee who needs to do what he/she is told rather than provide a source of creative and innovative input, the consumer who is viewed as a target to influence rather than to truly support, the child who needs to learn how to ‘grow up’, and the citizen who is disengaged because he/she either cannot vote or is part of a population whose voice matters little. In addition, because young people (defined as those between the ages of 13-30) are at the frontlines of change from being dependent on older generations to being independent, they have been especially vulnerable to external influences an d often lack a sense of empowerment because they suffer from the lack of essential resources, and limited involvement in decision-making. 2. 4 A Shift in Power DynamicsThe emergence of the Internet and other ICTs (Information & Communication Technologies) has been a catalyst for change, especially within the context of shifting traditional power dynamics. Increasingly, leadership is based on effective networks of collaboration and knowledge-sharing. Transforming leadership strategies from what they were during much of the past century has, to state it mildly, a challenge for most organizations and companies. More inclusive methods of governance, be it in the corporate world or the bureaucracy of the state, have been implemented in order to encourage, or project the image of, socially responsible behaviour. [xii] This transition, however, has almost been a foreign concept to youth growing up in the digital age.The advent of the Internet offered an opportunity to young people – most of whom are much well-versed in using computers and digital devices than their parents’ generation – to develop new virtual interests, relatively unknown and foreign to previous generations. This new medium no longer involved complex and rigid forms of management and communication that were associated with previous power-centric models of governance. The diffusion of the hierarchies and power structures also meant the decentralization of information and the formation of simple, and easily-managed, networks of people, accessible at the click of the mouse worldwide. In this new environment, sources of influence do not simply come from the top, but are inspired or affected by the views, ideas and perspectives of many stakeholders who are affected by the decisions being made.Governments and other formal decision-making bodies have been challenged to hold higher levels of transparency and accountability in order to gain institutional trust. Companies are increasingly interested in what their employees, customers and general public think about their business practices and increasingly aspire to become more socially responsible in order to address the needs and concerns of their stakeholders. [xiii] Instantaneous access to information and online resources has enabled the ‘common person’ make a contribution to organizations and society at large, while being able to demand a greater level of participation and involvement in decision-making.More than ever, young people growing up with technology have the opportunity to empower themselves using their unprecedented access to real-time information and knowledge sources that can be attained through ever-expanding social networks, new alliances, businesses, protests and advocacy campaigns, and websites expressing divergent views and perspectives. 2. 5 TakingITGlobal Online Community and Vision The TakingITGlobal. org Online Community provides: †¢ A pathway to support local action †¢ A platform for the voices of young people to be heard †¢ A framework for understand global challenges and issues †¢ A connection to resources and opportunities †¢ A network of interesting, dynamic and diverse young people †¢ A virtual space to showcase cross-cultural perspectives and expressions.In addition to engaging members of the online community, TakingITGlobal supports the needs of youth-led initiatives, educators and international organizations through its thematic, educational and organizational engagement strategies. TakingITGlobal’s 2010 Vision includes the following: †¢ To realize the potential of at least 5 million young people as leaders for the benefit of their local and global communities. †¢ To bridge the ‘continuity gap' enhancing the effectiveness of youth action by connecting all major youth activities, events, programs and initiatives in a global network. †¢ To mainstream recognition that young people are key stake holders in all national and international policy making. †¢ To produce the world’s most comprehensive and powerful knowledge resource – pushing the boundaries of online community and technology as a tool for social empowerment. To instigate significant evolution in the present concepts of school-education by increasing global connection, meaningful use of ICT’s (information, communication technologies) and inspiring student engagement. †¢ To demonstrate innovation, excellence, creativity and professionalism in the management of a new style of international organization that is entrepreneurial, technology-enhanced, and youth-driven. 2. 6 Youth Are Becoming More Engaged as Key Stakeholders When key stakeholders are brought together to share a vision for the future, it is critical to recognize that although most young people are unable to formally represent a business, government or non-profit institution as a key stakeholder, they do have the largest sta ke in the future and can often help to revive and refresh various perspectives being shared. Youth participation often requires changes in the way adults perceive and deal with adolescents, since the rights of young people and their capacities to make decisions for themselves are often unrecognized and undervalued. †[xiv] Increasingly, institutions are recognizing the importance of bringing the voices of young people to the forefront. On a global level, there are numerous summits that have brought together various leaders and decision-makers and have included young people as a key stakeholder or ‘major group’. For example, as a participant at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa, I was part of what the United Nations considers to be a ‘Major Group’ within the overall process of the summit along with women, indigenous people, farmers, business etc.According to Agenda 21, involving each of the major group s in the decision-making process was recognized as being a â€Å"fundamental prerequisite for the achievement of sustainable development†[xv] The Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development states that the process is inclusive of youth: 34. We are in agreement that this must be an inclusive process, involving all the major groups and Governments that participated in the historic Johannesburg 170. Promote and support youth participation in programmes and activities relating to sustainable development through, for example, supporting local youth councils or their equivalent, and by encouraging their establishment where they do not By promoting, supporting and involving youth as a major group, a statement is made about the importance of recognizing youth as key stakeholders.At the recent World Summit on the Information Society Preparatory Meetings which have been held in Geneva, Switzerland, the Youth Caucus is one of the strongest and most active groups, participating in the process alongside government, industry and other NGO groupings. 2. 7 Youth as Engaged Citizens On a national level, one of the basic conditions of a healthy democracy is having a population that votes. However, those under 18 are unable to participate – and not effectively inspired to vote once they’re able to, which has been leading to a large decline in youth voter turnout. In the US, only 60% of eligible voters under 25 have registered, and only 24% of those eligible to vote and over 20 say they â€Å"always vote† during elections. At the same time, many young people are civically engaged in many other ways – 40% of U. S. outh 14-24 have volunteered, 38% have participated in a boycott, and 44% have done some type of fundraising for charity, all within the last year. [xvi] There is a need to increase awareness and trust in political process, while also validating and supporting other forms of civic participation. There are a growing number of re gional, national, and local youth councils and networks sprouting up due to interest, support, and demand. Increasingly, different youth councils are strengthening their efforts through forging more partnerships and raising their profile. An example of this is the European Youth Forum, ‘a platform organization, it is the representative body for its members towards the institutions and partners active in the youth field.The 89 member organizations of the European Youth Forum represent a wide range of interests: student organizations, political organizations, organizations concerned with environmental protection, minorities, young rural organizations, conscripts organizations and many more. The European Youth Forum has member organizations including both national youth organizations and international youth organizations, drawn from throughout the European continent. The highest decision-making body is the General Assembly, which elects a Bureau made up of volunteers every two ye ars. The Bureau meets monthly to assess political priorities, implement its work plan and advises the Secretariat in its work. ’[xvii] Increasingly, youth councils are being formed and strengthened in order to provide opportunities for young people to have a stronger voice. 2. 8 From Student to TeacherDue to the rapid revolution in Information and Communication Technologies over the last decade, young people growing up as these technologies evolved have become innately comfortable using them, and have become neighborhood authorities on computer technologies. As the education system began to introduce computers in the classroom, young people were often frustrated as they were forced to re-learn skills they already had developed, such as BASIC programming and keyboarding. Over time, students’ expertise with technology has become accepted by teachers, and a variety of programs, such as Generation YES, have been developed to harness the skills and enthusiasm of students fo r technology to assist teachers in more meaningfully integrating it into the classroom. Young people are also learning from a wide variety of sources, and are increasingly deriving knowledge from their peers and non-school sources.As Don Tapscott cites in his 1998 book â€Å"Growing Up Digital†, many young people growing up in the late 80’s and early 90’s have learned basic skills from educational software like â€Å"Reader Rabbit† and video games. Thanks to online communication tools like ICQ, students are able to collaborate in real-time with their friends and peers across town or across the ocean, and share knowledge and ideas with each other. All told, this amounts to quite a challenge for the average teacher to cope with – a variety of students all with varying levels of technology access and external influences – as early as junior kindergarten! Of course, to meet the needs of these wired students as they progressed through the school system, Universities began to experiment with online course delivery and some now offer complete degree programs using a combination of ICTs.The role of a teacher has also evolved in these situations to more of a mentor and coach as needed, versus needing to hand-hold students through courses, enabling them to provide maximum value in supporting the course content versus needing to focus on content delivery. This generation of youth also enjoys sharing opinions – and teachers can’t escape! Websites like RateYourTeacher. com and RateMyProfessor. com showcase the ratings of teachers by thousands of students, opening up the previously untouchable teacher relationship to transparent feedback and criticism by ‘consumer’ students. 2. 9 Young Employees as a Source of Innovation There are a variety of implications for human resource departments in companies and organizations as they begin to hire and integrate new talent into their workforce.Because there is a lar ge population of youth who are entering the workforce and who carry a range of unique skills and perspectives (especially technology-related), the existing strategies that attempt to attract, retain and develop the next generation of talent need to adapt to a different set of needs, expectations and opportunities. Young employees, especially those doing internships, can provide an incredible source of innovation, entrepreneurial spirit and creative potential. In an organization where having many years of experience is valued, young people can be an overlooked, untapped resource. In the context of trying to solve problems in new ways, it is important to engage those who have not yet been institutionalized and are unfamiliar with the way that things have always been done.It is critical for organizations to develop new strategies that can allow them to more meaningfully involve young people in both problem-solving and decision-making processes, in order to respond to the complex and ev olving organizational challenges being faced. As it was mentioned above, the onset of the Information Revolution, coupled with the period of massive decentralization across-industries, had a profound impact on the way young people identify with the work environment. In the knowledge-based industries, rigid and strict structures of the past are largely associated with inefficiency, and are largely thought of as counterproductive to personal development.Having grown up with this mindset, young peoples’ perceptions toward decision-making and effective problem-solving are mainly derived from their experiences in the digital world, where interaction and inclusion of perspectives are essential, if not required, for achieving common goals. Therefore, in dealing with this new technologically-empowered demographic, new knowledge-based industries will have to reinvent many of the old approaches toward this new generation. This, in fact, means that they (industries) would have to appeal to their knowledge-workers â€Å"by satisfying their values, and by giving them social recognition and social power† which they have grown accustomed to. [xviii] 2. 10 The Interactive ConsumerDue to the nature of the Internet as a medium which allows for and is based upon networks and interactions, young consumers have the opportunity to be creators of media and content rather than simply consume what is produced for them. â€Å"Broadcast technology, like television, is hierarchical. It depends upon a top-down distribution system. Someone somewhere decides what will be broadcast and our role is limited to what we choose or do not choose to watch. There is no direct feedback from the viewer to the broadcaster†¦The internet depends upon a distributed, or shared, delivery system rather than a hierarchical one. The distributed, or shared, power is at the heart of the culture of interaction. [xix]† (p79)Due to the nature of the medium that young people are enabled by, they are able to demand a greater level of information, interactivity and involvement when it comes to products, services and the overall customer experience. Shopping comparison websites such as MySimon. com and BuyBuddy. com allow for intelligent and informed purchasing decisions to be made based on product-reviews and price comparisons. As a result, consumers are more empowered and can make more informed purchasing decisions. The Internet has provided other opportunities for consumers to be empowered by providing a vehicle for complaints to be expressed to large numbers of people. An example of this includes websites that are developed to discuss how a particular company ‘sucks’. Many URL’s have been purchased that say CompanyNameSucks. om and provide an avenue for disgruntled customers to share their complaints and concerns. Over half (55%) of survey respondents report boycotting a company or product at some point in their life, with 38 percent saying they h ave used their stick as a consumer in the past 12 months. And boycotting — buying a product or service because they like the social or political values of the company which produces it — is only slightly less prevalent. Just under half (45%) report having done so at some point in their life, while 35 percent have used the consumer carrot in the past 12 months. [xx] Bad experiences for unhappy customers can quickly become devastating experiences for a company’s image.This demonstrates that consumers have the opportunity to become more engaged and influential through the opportunities for interaction that the Internet provides. Because 85% of teens in Canada have Internet access and are online for over 9 hours per week[xxi], young people are especially in a position to become empowered consumers, as they frequently and simultaneously combine the process of learning, working, and play/entertainment, allowing them to constantly observe and share opinions and best pr actices. 2. 11 The Need for a Holistic Perspective on Youth as Stakeholders While looking through various reports, studies, books and other secondary sources – all of which offer a variety of insights related to the interests, needs and experiences of young people, a clear research gap became evident.Much of the research that exists on young people does not involve a global perspective, and often focuses on youth in the context of consumers in order to support business decisions, or youth who are ‘at risk’ and are a segment of the population vulnerable to a variety of social problems. Rarely are youth examined in the context of having the potential to be agents of change, problem-solvers, or leaders of the information society. In addition, major studies do not involve youth in the process of survey design, which can affect the potential bias of the research. In trying to examine if and how the role of young people has changed as a result of technology, the need f or a unique study involving youth leaders and influencers from around the world who have access to technology became clear. 3. Role of Youth Survey: ObjectivesIn order to gain a deeper understanding of how the role of young people is currently perceived and how it has changed over the last 100 years, a survey was designed to explore the following: Defining Youth ? How is ‘youth’ defined? Are notions of ‘youth’ associated with positive or negative connotations? What are key differences between the perceptions of youth vs. perceptions of adults? Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Youth ? Is this generation of youth perceived to be enabled and engaged or disadvantaged and disengaged? Are they optimistic or pessimistic about the future? What other perceptions and attitudes towards youth exist and are there regional differences? Participation in Decision-Making ? How important is it for young people to be involved in decision-making?What is the current perceived level of youth participation in decision-making on local, national and global levels? The Role of Technology ? Has technology played a role in transforming the role of youth in society at large and within different organizations and institutions? What impact has technology had in transforming the role of youth? Youth As Change Agents ? Are there interesting examples of young people having a meaningful impact in their communities? If so, what factors appear to enable this to take place? What are the hopes and ideals held by today’s generation of youth leaders? What recommendations can be offered in terms of the conditions that must exist for youth to become leaders? 4. Role of Youth Survey: MethodologyThe following is an Overview of the Survey Questions: Demographic Information: for people to fill out their gender, date of birth, city, country, educational background, employment status, volunteer status and Internet usage. Defining Youth: open-ended questions about what images and phrases come to mind when they hear the word ‘youth’ and ‘adult’ and a question asking how youth is defined. Key Issues and Interests: participants were asked to identify the key issues and interests of youth in their community. They had to select from drop-down lists and rank the top 3 in order of priority. Words included: Arts, Business/Entrepreneurship, Community, Education, Employment,Environment, Friends, Fundraising, Globalization, Health, HIV and AIDS, Human Rights, Leadership, Media, Music, Peace, Political Action, Religion, Romance, Sports, Sustainable Development, Technology, Travel, Volunteering, War. Attitudinal Characteristics: respondents were asked to rate 14 statements related to whether or not people agreed or disagreed with statements about youth on a scale of 1-5. Statements explored whether or not youth are perceived to be motivated, connected to opportunities, knowledgeable, inspired, informed, skilled, interested in being involved , focused, influenced by consumer culture, supported or lacking support from adults, optimistic or pessimistic.Additional questions about education and age were asked. Role of Youth – Today: participants were asked to give their opinion on the role of youth in their community. They had to select from drop-down lists and rank the top 3 in order of priority. Words included: Students, Workers, Members, Mentors, Trend-Setters, Activists, Citizens, Victims, Leaders, Criminals, Technologists, Volunteers, Artists, Role Models, Soldiers, Children, Innovators, Peace-keepers, Consumers, Trouble-makers, Employees, Entrepreneurs Participation in Decision-Making: a question about the importance of being able to participate in decision-king was asked (on a scale of 1-5).The second part of this question asked how involved young people are in decision-making on local, national and global levels for Business, Government and Non-Profit Organizations. Meaningful Impact: participants were asked to identify an example of how a youth within their community was effective at having a meaningful impact. Role of Youth – Historically: respondents were asked to identify whether or not the role of youth has changed over the past 100 years, and if so, has it been positive or negative. The response was based on a scale of 1-5. They then explained their response. Impact of Technology: respondents were asked to identify whether or not technology impacted youth in their community, and if so, if the impact has been positive or negative.They were given a scale of 1-5 and were then asked to explain their answer. Creating Change: A series of open-ended questions were asked about how survey respondents would create change in the world, their country, and the role of youth in their community, along with what conditions need to exist for youth to become leaders 4. 1 Promotion of Survey On December 23, 2002, the survey was sent out to over 15,000 people from over 190 countries. There wer e a variety of ways in which the survey was promoted. An automated, personalized e-mail was sent out to all members of the TakingITGlobal online community (which included over 13,000 people from over 190 countries at the time).The e-mail explained that as a ‘valued member of TakingITGlobal’, they were invited to participate in an ‘online survey to help determine their view on the role of youth in society’. The e-mail stated that it would take approximately 10 minutes to complete and that all of the information shared would be kept confidential and anonymous (meaning that their name would not be used without their permission). Although the survey was completely voluntary, an incentive for participating included having their name entered into a draw to win TIG t-shirts and mouse pads. In addition, each survey respondent would receive a free electronic copy of the final results once compiled.All survey participants were given until January 21st 2003 (approxima tely 4 weeks) to fill out the survey. In order to avoid an overwhelming amount of replies to the e-mail, the letter was signed from TakingITGlobal’s Research Team as opposed to coming from a specific individual. A modified version of the e-mail invitation to participate in the Role of Youth Survey was created and sent out to all of the organizations listed in the TakingITGlobal organizations database (over 1,000), along with youth mailing lists for various organizations and youth caucuses, and other personal networks. People were invited to pass the information along and invite others to participate in the survey.In order to maintain high levels of integrity, survey participants did not need to become a member of TakingITGlobal in order to fill out the survey, and did not need to fill out their name. If they were interested in receiving a copy of the final results, they were invited to provide their e-mail address. It is important to note that due to the nature of how the sur vey was promoted, all survey respondents have access to the Internet and are connected to existing networks that attract youth who are engaged. Thus, there exists some bias in the sample of survey respondents. In addition, there was no age restriction in order to participate which means that people of all ages were invited to fill out the survey, which was done for the purposes of comparison between different age groups.The views, opinions and perspectives that have emerged as a result of the survey findings are not a representation of international youth in its entirety, but rather, a reflection from a targeted sample of engaged youth who have some access to the Internet and are able to read and write English. With this in mind, based on the goals and objectives of this study, it is an appropriate audience to survey as the focus is on trying to better understand the views and perspectives of youth who have access to technology. If there were greater resources available for this stu dy, an offline component would exist and the survey would also be made available in multiple languages. This may be something to consider as a follow-up opportunity in the future.Once the survey responses were sent in through the online survey application, Martin Kuplens-Ewart exported the compiled responses into various files for analysis. The quantitative responses were sent in SPSS format for graphs and frequency tables to be generated. The extensive qualitative responses were formatted and printed in charts and tables. 4. 2 Analysis of Survey Results The process of analyzing the survey data was far more extensive, complex, lengthy and overwhelming than what was initially expected. A variety of people were involved as part of the research team in order to assist in the initial process of compiling, reviewing and making sense of various sections of the survey.A special thanks goes to Noor Alibhai, Jacob Bleakley, Hugh Switzer and Huss Banai who were all part of the research team a t TakingITGlobal. Much of their involvement was in the initial phase of reviewing the thousands of responses which were given for the various qualitative questions. They helped sort responses into various categories and tallied up similar responses in order to generate graphs which provide a glimpse at the nature of the responses. Once initial pie charts were generated, the results were discussed as a team and I was able to continue further analysis. The following is an overall break-down of the data analysis process: ? Phase 1 – PowerPoint Presentation Including Initial GraphsThe program used to analyze the quantitative survey results was the SPSS Educational Version. After an initial tutorial session with Joseph Amati who has a lot of experience in working with SPSS, a 44 page PowerPoint presentation was put together with support from Noor, which included graphs for each of the survey questions. The deck of slides was presented to advisors for feedback. The key learning was that all the labels which included N/A or 0 as the description needed to either be removed or modified. In most cases, the information provided by this column was one that reduced the quality and overall effectiveness of the graphs. This decision meant that all the graphs needed to be regenerated.Various other lessons were learned including analysis of frequency tables. ? Phase 2 – Regional and Age Break-Down of Graphs After a great deal of experimentation and technical support from Martin at TIG, appropriate labels were modified and new forms of categorization was implemented within the survey file to allow the data to be sorted by region and age. Graphs were regenerated for each of the questions in order to include the appropriate break-down. All of the new graphs compiled were put together in a Final Results word document. Since Microsoft Word and SPSS are not entirely compatible, a lot of time was wasted in regenerating and reformatting new graphs for the final results d ocument.In addition, certain graphs involved greater levels of complexity. Those questions which asked survey respondents to rank words on order of priority involved three sets of data which had to be added up in Excel prior to being able to generate the graph. Appropriate steps were taken to generate these graphs for global and regional responses. ? Phase 3 – Qualitative Results Initial Categorization of Responses ? In total, the survey involved over 10 open-ended qualitative questions which each had their set of over 1,000 responses per question. The overwhelming amount of data collected through these questions involved extensive hours of interpretation and results compilation.The first phase of this process involved a team of researchers from TakingITGlobal tackling a specific question and developing different categories for the responses based on frequent responses. The categories established are quite subjective and as different people were involved in the process, certa in categories were modified. Initially, a larger ‘other or inapplicable’ section existed for the various categories. A second review of questions involved breaking-down the ‘other’ responses into further sub-categories in attempt to further identify key patterns and occurrences. In addition to categorizing responses and generating pie graphs in Excel to reflect the overall responses, a series of summaries were created for each of the qualitative questions.Each summary included a description of the category identified and a general overview of the responses that were placed in the category. Beneath the description included a few selected quotes which offered a general idea of the types of responses included within the identified category. A variety of challenges were encountered throughout this process, including the fact that many responses could have easily been placed in multiple categories. To adequately deal with this challenge, in the final tally, they were often placed in both categories and the total number increased. In the final graphs, the ‘other’ category has been removed from the pie chart in order to leave room for smaller categories which emerged from the initial other category.Rather than view the final pie charts as conclusive or statistically accurate, it is important to see them from the perspective of general categories of responses from highest to lowest frequency. ? Phase 4 – Advice, Suggestions and Feedback from Advisors The compiled graphs for quantitative results and qualitative survey results summary pages became the first version of the Final Results document which was 60 pages. This document was then shared with a variety of advisors including Robert Bernard and Shelly Smith from DCODE, a strategy and market research firm based in Toronto. A variety of suggestions and recommendation were provided by D*CODE in order to strengthen the overall impact of the survey results. Many lessons were learned through the feedback shared.Some of the advice was integrated; however after then speaking to my academic advisor, I was able to distinguish which changes were most appropriate to make for the purposes of my final report. One of the suggestions made included grouping the age categories differently in order to have fewer categories. The suggested age groupings include 14-19, 20-24, 25-30 and 31+. This proposed grouping addresses a few issues. Since there is a very small sample under the age of 14, it eliminates their responses from the results. Since youth is defined as up to the age of 31 and there are a smaller number of respondents over the age of 31, it helps to create one category of ‘adult’ or the purposes of comparison. This change was not made due to time constraints and in order to avoid over-simplifying the results. Another suggestion included removing the ‘neutral’ responses from graphs and clumping the ‘somewhat’ and ‘v ery’ categories together. Although this would have helped to provide clearer contrast between how the responses were weighted, it would have also reduced opportunities of noticing situations where many people were ‘neutral’, which is an observation in itself. In reviewing the charts which identify the top issues and concerns of youth, D*CODE suggested that it would be helpful to have them listed from the highest to lowest priority.Additional tables were created which identify the top 10 issues in each region in order of highest to lowest. In addition, percentages were added on existing bar graphs. Another major distinction was made between what was necessary to include in the results compared to the discussion about the results. The results of the survey are presented in the order that the questions were asked. Each graph includes a brief description. The discussion of the results is categorized in a way that makes the most overall sense, especially in terms of t he flow. In addition, only the most interesting patterns, trends and observations are highlighted in the discussion about the results. ? Phase 5 – In-Depth Reflection and Analysis of Qualitative ResponsesThe amount of qualitative responses meant that several ‘passes’ at reviewing the data were necessary. Members of the research team who were initially involved with analyzing particular questions were involved in a discussion about the results and each had an opportunity to present their findings to one another in front of an audience of other TakingITGlobal staff members. As a group, general patterns and trends were discussed and further areas of exploration were identified. After that, I spent quite some time re-reading and reviewing all of the raw qualitative results along with survey summaries. I tried to extract patterns and conclusions from the categories f responses, to better explain the impact of the data. A variety of new charts and summaries were develo ped for questions based on an additional review through the various responses to qualitative questions. These were then shared with a few other groups of people for feedback. ? Phase 6 – Written Descriptions for All Graphs Presented in Final Results After evaluating the many graphs included in the report, I looked through the data in greater detail and produced written descriptions to accompany the graphs, both to provide additional information and insight, but also to help the reader more quickly discover the wealth of data each chart had to communicate.Throughout this process, certain graphs were regenerated in order to further improve the quality of labels, the ability to view responses from both age and regional break-downs, and to include percentages where appropriate on selected graphs. ? Phase 7 – Review Final Results for Key Findings ? With the final compilation of updated graphs, descriptions and survey response summaries, a comprehensive overview of the Final Results document took place. With the editing assistance of Hussein Banai and Michael Furdyk, this final report was created. 4. 3 Demographic Profile of Survey Respondents Region: The Role of Youth Survey involved a total sample of 1443 respondents from 126 countries. The majority of respondents reside in North America (29. %) and Africa (27. 4%). There were 16. 9% of respondents from Asia and the Middle East, 14. 3% of respondents from Europe, 7. 1% from Oceania and 4. 3% from South and Central America. Gender: A higher number of respondents were male (58. 7%) compared to female (38. 7%). There were notably more female respondents compared to male respondents in North America and Oceania, whereas in Africa, there were a greater number of male participants. This may be because it is less culturally appropriate for women to have access to computers in Africa. Age: A larger number of survey respondents were under the age of 30 (75%) compared to those who are age 30 and over (25%).Thi s is likely because the survey was about youth and was promoted throughout many networks that are specifically intended to connect youth. The average age (mean) of the sample was 26 years old. Employment Status: The majority of survey respondents are currently employed (63. 7%), while 36. 4% are unemployed. Many of those who identified themselves as unemployed are in the under 25 age-group, while those with a job are mainly in the 26 and up age category. Volunteer Status: There was a relatively even number of respondents who identify themselves as volunteers (53%) compared to non-volunteers (47%). There were more volunteers in the under 30 age category compared to the 31 and up age category.Educational Status and Background: Only 40% of the respondents identify themselves as students compared to 59% of respondents who are not currently students. The are a higher number of respondents who identify themselves as students in the 16-20 age category. The survey sample is fairly educated in the sense that they are literate, they are able to speak and write in English (many also speak other languages fluently), and a large number of respondents have completed primary and secondary education. 55. 2% of respondents have completed or are attending University or College and 20. 9% of respondents have completed or are pursing Post Graduate Studies.Online Activity: All survey respondents have basic access to the Internet, whether it be through an Internet cafe, library, school, work or home computer. 46% of the respondents stated that they are online between 1-10 hours per week. 22. 9% of respondents are online between 11-20 hours and 24. 5% are online for more than 21 hours each week. When asked what they do online, they key reoccurring themes involved communication, research & information searching (including working on projects and employment), music, games & entertainment. The following is a summary of the major online activities respondents are involved in: †¢ Co mmunication: Almost every response made reference to checking e-mail, if not instant messaging and/or chat room use. †¢ Research and information:Most users identified reading various newspapers, searching background information on their interests and using online information resources to aid completion of their work and/or homework as frequent uses. †¢ Work – on projects, employment: Work was often cited as NGO involvement, general employment and the development and maintenance of personal web-pages. †¢ Music, games and entertainment: On-line time is shared among downloading music, playing games and generally related to any other media/entertainment purposes. 5. Defining Youth In looking at how the concept ‘youth’ is defined, there are different notions and interpretations that can be grouped into three major areas.The most common conceptions present youth in the context of having bountiful energy, a sense of leadership, curiosity and vision for th e future. â€Å"Period of the life when we are still dreaming;† said a 30-year-old male, Skopje, Macedonia. Just over half of the survey respondents expressed that ‘youth’ is defined by the age of a person; with most of the respondents in the 13-30 age-group. The next major interpretation of how youth are defined was expressed through various personality characteristics and outlooks on life. â€Å"Vivacious, full of energy, want to make a mark in life, impulsive and one who are not scared to take risks;† said a 19-year-old female, Pune, India. Many descriptions shared by survey respondents clearly define ‘youth’ in a positive and idealistic light.The third major category defining youth focuses on the particular life stage that people are situated in while in transition from being dependents to being independent. â€Å"A person who is starting to enjoy freedom for the first time†¦;† said a 26-year-old male, Harare, Zimbabwe. A key t heme that is frequently repeated throughout this stage of transition is the freedom and lack of constraints that exist compared to older adults who are weighed down by greater responsibilities and societal pressures. Societal institutions develop various mechanisms to train and nurture the development of young people who are at a life stage that allows them to be open-minded, free-spirited, creative and imaginative.There exists a clear correlation between the social conditioning of young people who need to prepare to become adults and the aspirations of adults to re-connect with their ‘youthful creative energy’ in an age where creativity and innovation are highly valued and a scarce resource in large bureaucratic institutions. However, there is both a strong contrast and a connection that exists between notions of ‘youth’ and ‘adult’. A common thread is that both involve age as part of the definition. The following chart highlights the contrast that exists between the most frequent expressions that emerged in response to the questions ‘What words, images and phrases come to mind when you hear the word ‘youth’ and then asked the same question for ‘adult’: Associations with the word ‘Youth’ |Associations with the word ‘Adult’ | |Lack wisdom, need guidance |Caregivers, Standard Setters | |Dreamers, Visionary, Hope for the Future |Critical, Dream-Killers, Few Idealists | |Freedom, Experimentation, Playfulness |Burdened, Busy, Responsibilities | |Open-Minded, Flexible, Innovative |Rigid-Thinking, Stuck, Conservative | |Rebellious, Free-spirited |Professional and traditional | |Innocence, Naive, Potential |Greedy,Corrupt, Selfish | |Disadvantaged, Vulnerable, Unheard Voice |Decision-Makers, Positions of Authority | In reflecting on the nature of the responses to this question, it is important to note that the overall perceptions of ‘adults’ are negative com pared to perceptions of ‘youth. ’ This bias may exist as a result of the sample size which involved 75% of people under the age of 30. It is possible if more adults were surveyed, especially those adults who are less involved and connected to youth networks, there may have been more negative categories for youth. It is also important to keep in mind that certain words and phrases can have both a positive and negative interpretation.For example, depending on the context of the situation, being rebellious can be seen as something that involves creating trouble or struggling towards positive change. Being a dreamer may imply that one has a strong sense of imagination while at the same time, having the potential of being caught up in a fantasy which is never actualized. A variety of the characteristics which describe adults involve ideals which youth often aspire towards attaining such as being a decision-maker or someone in a position of authority. These are perceived atti tudes however there may be more instances where adults feel powerless and that they are not in a position to make decisions. This may help to explain the sense that people have of ‘adults’ being busy and burdened with responsibilities.Overall, there appears to be an interesting generational relationship and potential communication gap that exists which involves both tension and aspiration. The survey results suggest that ‘youth’ can be a great source of energy, vision, hope and potential, while at the same time being vulnerable, voiceless and rebellious. The results also demonstrate that although ‘adults’ can be conservative, critical and rigid in their thinking, ultimately, they are relied on as care-givers, decision-makers and sources of knowledge and authority. The challenge for youth is to find their voice and become empowered without losing their sense of spirit and optimism.The challenge for adults is in finding ways to handle increasing amounts of responsibility and power in a way that doesn’t exclude, ignore or disengage youth, while also reconnecting their own sense of youth. While exploring and more deeply understanding the role of young people in the context of today’s society, it is important to note that generational barriers have existed and persisted throughout the course of history. It is possible that this generation of youth will have greater opportunities to empower themselves to have a voice as a result of the many forums which are emerging, however it is also clear that there is still a lot of work that needs to be done in order to allow for positive intergenerational partnership.When we asked the survey respondents to identify the role that they saw youth having within their communities, the most common response across all regions was youth having the role of the student. This makes sense for a variety of reasons. Those participating in the survey are either currently students or have g raduated and feel that since a great deal of time as a young person is spent on learning, whether it be in school or in other contexts such as the home or workplace, it is appropriate that the role Role of Youth The role of youth in realising the dreams of Dr. Kalam â€Å"Dream, dream, dream, your dreams will transform into thoughts, thoughts lead to honest work, work results in action and you will succeed† has been rightly said by Dr. Abul Pakir Jainul Abideen Abdul Kalam. Dreams can be accomplished by youth as they have commitment to action. To quote Jean Ingelow â€Å"Youth! Youth! How buoyant are the hopes; they turn, Like marigolds, towards the sunny side†.Students’ life is meant for studies to become true and responsible citizens, formidable leaders and esteemed legislators as India entails such intellectually alert and adroit disciples. A nation of disciplined youth can travel in the path of progress. They play a crucial mantle in the endeavours for equality and justice. They must assimilate from the very beginning- the lessons of self-help, self-reliance and self-sacrifice. Youth should be jawans and take up arms against the corrupted people and spill the beans o n to the public so as no person ever never has the nerve to indulge in any illegal activities.As sizeable part of Indians are unscholarly and backward who are unknown regarding the new-fangled evolutions, the allegiance falls on us to empower and bring perception to them with latest trends, technologies and scientific inventions. As Shankaracharya says, â€Å"The springs of patriotism are deep rooted in Indians†, we should show it beyond the desire. â€Å"Janani janma bhoomischa swargad api gariyasi† said lord Sri Rama to Lakshmana when the latter, attracted by the opulence of Lanka, expressed an ardent desire to settle down there. Your mother land, great or not, are forsooth greater than a paradise. † Hence, we should comprehend that our mother land is the only place where we can reach maximum glory and recognition. We should also look for jobs within the country and strive for its progress. We must play a paramount role in safeguarding our country by involving ourselves in politics. We are the best judges as we have mentally matured minds to differentiate between good and bad which is prevailing in the society.India being the country of many races, languages, religions and beliefs we should have unity. Thus, said Mark Twain â€Å"India is the cradle of human race, the birth place of human speech, the mother of human history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition†. But despite of this diversity the social structure there has been an unstable unity and affinity which had bound the people of this vast country into a well-knit nation throughout its chequered history.The requisite of maintaining this unity in diversity and national integration is all the more indispensable. We should make people inculcate the ideal â€Å"One flag, one nation, one land, one hand, one heart, evermore! † which eventually leads the country to the pinnacle of success. Women constitute the most pivotal role for the upliftment of our country. The strength of our country depends on them. â€Å"Next to God we are indebted to women first for life itself and then for making it worth living. We should accept equal participation of women in all fields to make the country economically amiable. We should all create a nation which is one of the best places to live in and which brings smiles to the billion faces and also to realize the dreams of our former President, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, a dynamic and versatile person. Therefore, always be ready to walk in the unexplored path as to succeed in life everyone must understand and master three mighty forces- desire, belief and expectation.