How to Analyze Sources and Information

How to Analyze Sources and In changeationBy Riley Kohl Today, we live in a world that runs on info. culture is gathered, shargond, bought, and sold. More and more, individuals are consuming large amounts of knowledge and using it to shape themselves and the way they perceive the world around them. In our journey to get hold of new heights of understanding, we construct for ourselves a tall watchtower, with each brick being a new portion of information. Far too often, however, we dont ask ourselves a crucial question what if this new brick has cracks? My goal is to explain why you need to be able to appraise the quality of the information you consume and to give you the tools to do so reliably and efficiently.A Growing NeedOne of the around commonly used rootages of information is the news, specifically the mainstream media. In recent years, there has been a gradual, observable decline in the quality of journalism. Noticing this, the American the great unwashed have subsequen tly displayed a gradual decline in the level of trust they place in the mainstream medias ability to account statement information in a trustworthy and unbiased manner. In a Gallup crown conducted in 2016 with a random sample of 1,020 adults, only 32% professed to having a great deal or a fairamount of trust in the mainstream media.1 A graph of this trend is provided in descriptor 1.A Practical DemonstrationIn frame to better grasp the methodologies of information analysis, and the need for such(prenominal) skills, a practical demonstration is best. On November 20, 2015, CNN make an article alleging that President-elect Donald Trump made a classical statement regarding the implementation of a Muslim database.2 Several hours later, an article was unveiled by the Gateway pundit citeing that the conclusions presented by the CNN article were based on falsified evidence.3 Figure 2 provides a side- by-side view of the article headlines.This leads to the first, and most important, hypercritical rule of information analysis no source is above scrutiny because no source is infallible. CNN is a major media outlet. The first reaction of the average person would be to simply trust them over the Gateway Pundit, a relatively unknown source. The CNN article likewise provides a mental picture which seems to support the claim presented in the headline. The two most notable arguments presented by the Gateway Pundit article are that the CNN video is heavily edited and that the reporter deliberately pushed a vague, unspecific question. The first step the reader essential take at this point is to watch, or re-watch, the CNN video. It is clear that the video is edited, but this practice is not unusual. Videos provided in articles and reports are often edited for time purposes, cutting out unnecessary information in order to deliver the important information in a timely manner.Thus, we arrive at the second critical rule when in doubt, consult the rude(a) data. This is not always an easy task. In scientific reports, the raw data is often extensive or presented in a format that is difficult for laymen to understand. News articles, on the other hand, often draw their data from raw video or official statements. Given the positions presented by the two articles, at most only one and only(a) of them can be correct. Therefore, at least one of these articles must be false. The result of this is that a person who believes the false article will likely form an opinion on Donald Trump, then a Presidential candidate. This newly assimilated information might affect a choice of action taken by the reader, such as who they vote for, which could have consequences as large as deciding the next political leader of the United States of America. Placed in this perspective, it is clear that information and misinformation can be a powerful, dangerous forces. It is imperative that they are properly evaluated by the readers.Methodologies for judge InformationSome of the simplest methods for appraising the quality of an information source involve asking basic questions. These include positive(p) whether or the not source is unbiased, comprehensive, current, and clear.4 While the latter questions are fairly simple, the question of bias is a tricky beat to handle. Bias is fundamentally difficult to avoid when writing, or choosing not to write, articles or reports. These are written by human beings, who have their own ingrained outlooks and opinions on the world.Additionally, the existence of bias extends out-of-door the article itself, into the meta realm of publication. There can exist a bias in what information is published and what information is not. A news outlet might choose to only report on the reservoirized scandals of a political figure and publish nothing regarding their accomplishments. Even though the published articles may be true, the bias still exists.A very common misconception is that the authorship of an information source i s a technical measure of its quality or trustworthiness. While this can serve as a significant, time-saving shortcut, it can also lull the reader into a false sense of security. The most well-respected news outlet can publish erroneous articles, and the most sensational tabloid can publish articles containing nothing but the truth.A terminal concept to note, before proceeding to a more orderly listing of methodologies, is the writing itself. The writing styles of information sources can vary widely based on their intended audience and purpose. A scientific report on geo synthetical predictions based on survey data will vary in carriage and meld from a news article reporting on a recent crime wave. patronage this, the hallmark of a good article lies with its objective reasoning. There should be a clear logical flow from the raw information being cited to the final conclusions drawn and presented by the author.5 Faulty logic or subtle fallacies can take factual evidence and output misleading conclusions.A Simple Checklist for Appraising SourcesAsk yourself the three Cs Is it comprehensive, clear, and current?Look to see if the source has a logical flow of objective reasoning.Identify the purpose of the article. What is the writer trying to convey?Identify any potential for bias. Does the author have an underlying motive?Cross-reference with alternative sources.Consult the raw data if necessary.Remember that is is very well to decide that no definitive conclusions can be drawn from insufficient sources.Works Cited1 Gallup, Inc. Americans Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low.Gallup.com. N.p., 14 Sept. 2016. Web. 05 Jan. 2017.2 Trump would certainly implement national database for U.S. Muslims.CNN. Cable News Network, 20 Nov. 2015. Web. 06 Jan. 2017.3 Hoft, Jim. THEY LIED Media Edited Video to Claim Donald Trump Said to Register All Muslims (Video).TheGatewayPundit. N.p., 21 Nov. 2015. Web. 06 Jan. 2017.4 Markel, Michael H. Practicalstrategiesfortechnicalcommu nication. world-class ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2013. Print.5 LibGuides Critically Analyzing Information Sources Critical Appraisal and Analysis.CriticalAppraisaland AnalysisCriticallyAnalyzingInformationSourcesLibGuidesatCornellUniversity. N.p., 27 May 2016. Web. 05 Jan. 2017.

Direct Hydration Reacts Propene And Water Environmental Sciences Essay

aspire Hydration Reacts Propene And Water Environmental Sciences EssayBeing a secondary intoxicant, isopropyl alcoholic drinkic drink can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic venereal disease, or by dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol over a heated tomentum catalyst(CH3)2CHOH ? (CH3)2CO + H2Isopropyl alcohol is often use as both(prenominal) solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and opposite transfer hydrogenation replys it is oxidized to acetone.Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acid. equivalent most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals such as potassium to have alkoxides which can be called isopropoxides. The reaction with aluminium (initiated by a trace of mercury) is utilize to prepare the catalyst aluminium isopropoxide.3Isopropanol becomes p rogressively viscous with decreasing temperature. At temperatures below -70C isopropanol resembles maple syrup in viscosity.editProductionIn 1994, 1.5 million tonnes of isopropyl alcohol was produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan.4 This compound is primarily produced by combining water affix supply and propene in a hydration reaction. Of minor significance is the hydrogenation of acetone.45There are two routes for the hydration process in get hold of hydration via the sulfuric acid process, and direct hydration. The former process, which can use low-quality propene, predominates in the USA while the latter process, which requires high-purity propene, is more commonly utilise in Europe. These processes give predominantly isopropyl alcohol rather than 1-propanol be character the addition of water or sulfuric acid to propene follows Markovnikovs rule.Indirect hydrationThe indirect process reacts propene with sulfuric acid to form a motley of sulfate esters. Subsequent hy drolysis of these esters by steam produces isopropyl alcohol, which is distilled. Diisopropyl ether is a significant by-product of this process it is recycled posterior to the process and hydrolyzed to give the desired product.4Direct hydrationDirect hydration reacts propene and water, either in gas or liquid phases, at high pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts. higher(prenominal) purity propylene ( 90 %) tends to be required for this type of process.4Both processes require that the isopropyl alcohol be separated from water and other by-products by distillation. Isopropyl alcohol and water form an azeotrope and simple distillation gives a material which is 87.9% by weight isopropyl alcohol and 12.1% by weight water.6 Pure (anhydrous) isopropyl alcohol is made by azeotropic distillation of the wet isopropyl alcohol using either diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents.4Hydrogenation of acetone rock oil acetone is hydrogenated in the liquid p hase over Raney nickel or a mixture of copper and chromium oxide to give isopropyl alcohol. This process is useful when coupled with excess acetone production, such as the cumene process.4editUsesIn 1990, 45 thousand tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were used in the United States. The vast majority of isopropyl alcohol was used as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. Isopropyl alcohol in particular is popular for pharmaceutic applications,4 presumably due to the low toxicity of any residues. Some isopropyl alcohol is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to acetone, but the cumene process is more significant. In that year, a significant fraction (5.4 tonnes) was consumed for household use and in personal care products. It is in any case used as a gasoline additive.4editSolventIsopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It also evaporates quickly and is relatively non-toxic, compared to resource solvents. Thus it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, peculiarly for dissolving oils.Examples of this application include cleaning electronic devices such as contact pins (like those on fixed storage cartridges), magnetic tape and saucer heads (such as those in audio and video tape recorders and floppy disk drives), the lenses of lasers in optical disc drives (e.g. CD, DVD) and removing thermal paste from heatsinks and IC packages (such as CPUs.7) Isopropyl alcohol is used in keyboard, LCD and laptop cleaning, is sold commercially as a whiteboard cleaner, and is a strong but safer selection to common household cleaning products. It is used to clean LCD and glass computer monitor screens (at just about pretend to the anti-reflection coating on some screenscitation needed), and used to give second-hand or worn non- vinyl group phonograph records newer-looking sheen. Isopropyl alcohol should not be used to clean vinyl records as it may leach plasticizer from the vinyl making it more rigid citation needed. It is effective at removing residual glue from some sticky labels although some other adhesives used on tapes and paper labels are resistant to it. It can also be used to retreat stains from most fabrics, wood, cotton, etc. In addition it can also be used to clean paintballs or other oil based products so that they may be reused, commonly known as repainting. It is used as a wetting agent in the fountain solution used in lithographic printing, and often used as a solvent for French polishing shellac used in cabinet making.editIntermediateIsopropyl alcohol is esterified to give isopropyl acetate, another solvent. It reacts with carbon disulfide to give sodium isopropylxanthate, a weed killer. Isopropyl alcohol reacts with titanium tetrachloride and aluminium metal to give titanium and aluminium isopropoxides respectively, the former a catalyst, and the latter a chemical reagent.4 This compound may serve as a chemical reagent in itself, by acting as a dihydrogen don or in transfer hydrogenation.editMedicalDisinfecting pads typically contain a 6070% solution of isopropyl alcohol in water. A 75 % v/v solution in water may be used as a hand sanitizer.8 Isopropyl alcohol is used as a water-drying aid for the prevention of otitis externa, better known as swimmers ear.9editAutomotiveIsopropyl alcohol is a major ingredient in gas dryer give notice additives. In significant quantities, water is a problem in fuel tanks, as it separates from the gasoline, and can freeze in the supply lines at cold temperatures. It does not remove water from gasoline rather, the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once soluble, water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water as it will no longer accumulate in the supply lines and freeze. Isopropyl alcohol is often sold in aerosol cans as a windscreen de-icer. Isopropyl alcohol is also used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic braking systems, so that the brake fluid (usually spatter 3, DOT 4 or mineral oi l) does not contaminate the brake pads, which would result in poor braking.editLaboratoryAs a biological specimen preservative, isopropyl alcohol provides a comparatively non-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other unreal preservatives. Isopropyl alcohol solutions of 9099% are used to preserve specimens.Isopropyl alcohol is often used in DNA extraction. It is added to a DNA solution in order to precipitate the DNA into a pellet after centrifuging the DNA. This is possible because DNA is insoluble in isopropyl alcohol.editSafetyIsopropyl alcohol vapor is denser than air and is highly combustible with a very wide combustible range. It should be kept away from heat and open flame. When intricate with air or other oxidizers it can explode through deflagration.10 Isopropyl alcohol has also been reported to form explosive peroxides.1011Like many organic solvents, long term application to the skin can cause defatting.12editToxicologyIsopropyl alcohol and its metabolite, acetone, ac t as central nervous system ( central nervous system) depressants. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, and coma. Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or absorption therefore, well-ventilated areas and protective gloves are recommended. Around 15 g of isopropyl alcohol can have a toxic effect on a 70 kg human if left untreated.13 However, it is not nearly as toxic as methanol or ethylene glycol. Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an anion gap acidosis (in which as lowered blood serum pH causes depletion of hydrogen carbonate anion) unlike ethanol and methanol. Isopropyl alcohol does however, produce an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols. Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone, which is further metabolized to produce the nutrients acetate and glucose.14 Isopropyl alcohol is oxid ized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver.

The Implementation Of Nuclear Energy In Malaysia Engineering Essay

The Implementation Of atomic zip fastener In Malaysia Engineering Essay atomic goose egg is wholeness of the more or less important sources of vim that come from atomic number 92 and originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process beseeched thermo atomic thermo atomic fission at the situation define. The fission process is single-valued functiond to fork out oestrus for producing go, which is accustomd to turn the turbine to generate electricity.3 In the mid-twentieth century, atomic capability was discovered and the implementation of nuclear get-up-and-go as a source of business leader was slow to come to get the result beca mathematical function it is unsounded nether seek and development, just it became an important part of the worlds bureau source. With the oil crisis from the past and recently, nuclear cypher was the c atomic number 18 method to generate electricity, but nuclear meltdown when some failure occur in the coif created a cul ture of fear amongst the world. In example was Chernobyl calamity that killed many lives. 1Based on the history, nuuclear cipher was mainly contracted in the year of 1896, where Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium. Followed by in the year of 1902, Marie and jacket of South Dakota Curie quarantined a hot metal c alled radium .While in the year of 1905, Albert Einstein explicate his Special Theory of Relativity where he explain passel fecal matter be considered to be some early(a) form of nil and Enrico Fermi first experimented with nuclear fission in 1934 when he barragearded uranium with neutrons. until now he didnt realize that he had achieved nuclear fission. Scientists soon realized that the neutrons split the nucleus of the uranium atoms and that if the resulting fission could wash up more neutrons, a sustainable nuclear drawing string reaction would result. aft(prenominal) that the nuclear was use to create atomic bomb for war purposes. T he first atomic bomb or A-bomb was tried and true at Alamogordo, New Mexico on 16 July 1945. After the bomb experiment, the Enola Gay, an Ameri loafer airplane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever apply in warf ar on Hiroshima(Japan) followed by the second atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. 2nuclear energy was produced in the year 1951 and this encouraging President Dwight D. Eisenhower to give his Atoms for sleep speech to call for peaceful implementation of nuclear position for the world. By the year of 1954, the U.S.S.R. was generating nuclear energy for its top executive grid and at Geneva conference in 1955, the European Economic Community and the planetary Atomic Energy Agency were launched in order to promote a safe and sustainable nuclear tycooned for the world. Based on the oil crisis in the year of 1970s, many countries were moving in the caution of establishing nuclear indicator make ups to meet the worlds energy micturates since the demand of world -beater argon keep increasing. 13.2 atomic Energy Implementation3.2.1 Electrical proponentUranium is an element show a lot in the Rocky Mountains which we can see these mountains in Canada, South Africa and Australia. atomic cause whole kit and caboodles obviously are supply by this Uranium. The agreement behind making nuclear power possible is usually an infinite energy which was stored in the uranium atoms. By interact the uranium and form of plutonium we might to generate electricity based on the three heavy elements. The nuclear reaction generates instigate that is used to boil pee to create steam and to drive or turn the turbine to generate electricity. In addition , as we found these days that fossil dismiss plant which was limited resources compare to uranium which was a finite non-renewable resource, this is as the contemporaries was al near the alike way of this fossil give notice plant. 4Fossil fuel and nuclear power stations working al closely in the same w ay based on plant, except the chain reaction which is located inside a nuclear nuclear reactor makes the rouse instead. However , the heat is generated by nuclear fission, beside the reactor in the nuclear plant uses Uranium rods as fuel. The neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. How to take the heat a way? Carbon dioxide gas or body of water supply system is pumped done the reactor, and heats the water to plump steam to drives the turbines which drive the generators to generate electricity. By taking Britain as example, we might see that their nuclear power stations are often built on the coast and they dont obtain huge cooling towers that like others country because they use sea water for cooling the steam arrive at to be pumped bust again. The reactor is controlled with control rods that are made of boron, which absorb neutrons. When the rods are lowered into the reactor, they absorb more neutrons and the fission process slows down. To generate more power, the rods are raised and more neutrons can crash into uranium atoms.53.2.2 Pressurized piss Reactor SystemPressurized water reactors were basically consisting of a single fuel element and was assembly of up to 200 fuel pins which are made of zircaloy cadded and these pins are immersed in a large steel push vessel containing ordinary light water. The light water serves as both a coolant and moderator and has a higher(prenominal) neutron-absorbing capacity than heavy water (D2O) and causes increase of the office of 235U in the core. Uranium dioxide is a source of fuel for this reactor. The b overleapjack vessel consists of control rods that pass through the lid, the light water infra pressure, and the reactor core. The water attains a temperature of approximately 270 C without boiling, due to a pressure of about 13.8 to 17.2 MPa which is maintained through a pressurizer. The light water passes in a closed circui t to a heat exchanger. This process causes warmth the water up and convert to steam. This steam drives one or more turbine generators, is condensed, and pumped prat to the steam generator. To condense the steam we may use other sources of water from a lake, river, or cooling tower. In order to remove the lid and alternate an grab portion of fuel pin assembly or to refuel it, the reactor must be fold down completely. This occurs every 12 to 18 months. one way we will be not able to prevent the reactor from overheating while finding a rupture of the cooling system tubing. Due to this danger, reactors are surrounded by a double-walled pressure containment edifice and contain a number of emergency core-cooling systems. 63.2.3 stewing Water Reactor SystemBoiling Water Reactor System is another kind of reactors. It was fuelled by 235U, enriched as uranium dioxide. If we are facial expression for a situation way of removing heat we may find allowing water to boil is the intimatel y particular method. This boiling water reactor allows the coolant indoors the reactor core to boil. The steam generated is then separated, dried, and passed studyly to the turbine generators and condensed and passed back into the reactor core. Steam collection similarly occurs on top of reactor and must be shut down for refueling. in that location are many emergency systems in that particular reactor, the entire reactor is housed within a primary containment chamber which includes the underneath, a ring-shaped tunnel that filled with water. sinc in that location was steam or water were going to escape, it enters that tunnel, then going to condenses.63.2.4 Energy advocate make up in MalaysiaMalaysias Electricity coevals, 1980-2003. (Source EIA)In Malaysia, there has just about 16 giga watts of electric generation capacity, 87% of it is from caloric and 13% of it is from hydroelectric and a very minimum from cross electric. 11 The above turn show the electricity generatio n by thermal and hydropower in year 1980 to 2003 in Malaysia. However, the following table shows some of power stations in MalaysiaNOName of supply station violenceed by1Malim Nawar Power Station, Malim Nawar, ParkCoal2Pantai Remis Power station, Pantai Remis, PerakCoal3Manjung power Station, Manjung, PerakCoal4Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station, Kapar,SelangorCoal5Perai Power Station, Butterworth ,PenangCoal6Tuanku Jaafar Power Station, Port Dickson ,Negeri SembilanOil7Tanjung Kilan Power Station, MelakaOil8Sultan Iskander Power Station, Pasir Gudang, JohorGas9Serdang Power Station ,serdang, SelangorGas10Sultan Ismail Power Station , Paka, TerengganuOilGas11Connaught Bridge Power Station, Klang,SelangorsteamTable1 TNB Power Stations in Malaysia (source answers.com 2006).Thermal power plantThermal power plant means that close to of the machines in that power plant are move or operate by using the steam. It is categorize as non-renewable energy. By heating up the wate r, it produces steam and the steam is use to spin a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After that the steams that go through the turbine will be condensed in a condenser for recycled back to where it was being heated. 12 To heat up the power plant, normally fuel sources are being use. In Malaysia, we use gas, char, biomass and oil. The way that gas, coal and oil use in a power plant is very straight forward, their main and only purpose is to heat up the water. But it is a little bit different in Biomass power plant. In Biomass power plant, solid biofuels like chipped or pelleted wood are used to heat up the boilers to create the steams from the water inside the boilers to drives the turbines. Beside of that, wood can also be gasified to create a so call bio-gas that use to run the gas engines or gas turbines that use to drive the electricity generator. 13 Thermal power plant can produced electricity from 6M watt up to 2500M watt depending on the kind of resources u sed. Example Tuanku Jaafar Power Station (Negeri Sembilan), TSH Bio Sdn Bhd (Sabah), etc. 15Hydropower plantHydropower plant means that the electricity is produce using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is categorize as one of the kind of renewable energy, and it is the most widely use issue forth the other renewable energy. 14 In Malaysia, beside from the normal huge Hydropower plant that using the gravitational force of falling water, there is also a Hydropower plant that is using flowing water that we called it mini Hydropower plant. The electric capacity that produces by it is not more than 10GWatt (Hybrid power plantHybrid power plant mean the turbine is drive by using pluck, solar, diesel and battery. It is a non-renewable energy because it requires diesel to run the turbine at the same date with the support of the wind, solar and also battery energy. The energy that can be produces by Hybrid power plant is depending on how many hectares of solar cell s or wind turbine are being used. Example Pulau Perhentian Kecil (Terengganu). 153.2.5 Nuclear Energy Implementation in MalaysiaA 1MW Triga inquiry reactor has been operated since 1982 by the Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research and was renamed as the Malaysian Nuclear Agency to reflect its constituents in promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy. 9 Basically in Malaysia, our country claim been under evolution this nuclear energy plan and been sending officer to Australia for training in nuclear since since 1985. Malaysia is machinate to build Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) without any problem as our country have enough dependant manpower to oversee the implementation and operation but there is no decision yet by the goverment. 16Malaysia power plant actually produces 91.6 billion kWh gross in 2006, 64% from gas, 25% from coal, and 8% from hydro and a 55% increase over two years to 2005.A comprehensive study has been taken in the year 2009 and our administration actually decided to consider nuclear power. To plan and coordinate, a Nuclear Power Development Steering Committee was set up and divided through three working groups that were Nuclear Power Program functional Group under the Malaysian Nuclear Energy Agency (MNA), the Nuclear Power Project Working Group under the utility Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), and a Legal and Regulatory Coordination Working Committee involving the Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) and the Energy Commission as represented in this mannikin 9The Chairman of Malaysian Atomic Energy Licensing Board explain that sentry go issue is the main antecedency in having Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) and Malaysia has already produced around 900 graduates in nuclear science in UKM including contain and PhD holders. Majority of them are expertise and experience to run this Nuclear Power Plant but need a start up time between 10 to 15 years before the plant can be brought to operation followed by government decision in 2021 which also followed also by another countries like Indonesia, Vietnam and Bangladesh to have their first Nucleaer Power Plant. 16The Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB) have been directed in the year 2008 to a task to study the nuclear power and Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water to find a capable site that will be operated by 2021. Eight possible location have been identified on peninsula and feasibility study will be prepared by the consultants by 2013 with developing the regulatory framework, the slow infrastructure and convince the public. The chairman of the Malaysia Nature Society actually recommended the state of Sabah as the site to replace the coal. Government announce that will be implement nuclear power due to high fossil fuel price that keep increasing and set 2023 as target. A draft of energy policy blueprint back have been sent but it was not comprehensive enough. 9The exist of building a Nuclear Power Plant is up to US$6billion,depending on its size and where it is sited but the government had a US$7billion budjet to it. It can operate up to 60 years and will be benefit up to two or three generations. The race always misunderstood about nuclear energy and were lack of information about it whereas the recent second and third generation of Nuclear Power Plant are safer with new safety measures and sophiscated technology. The countries in Switzerland and Britain which had stopped using the nuclear energy at one time are now using it again. 163.4.6 Comparing the energy generated by nuclear plant with others energy plants with the coitus tollAs the worlds population increases, there will be continued comparison to the current electricity generation address and the demand for electricity will be keep increasing. Energy sources that available in the world include nuclear, coal, natural gas, wind, solar, hydroelectric, and biomass will be double in time to time. Future cost matchedness will also be consider from every sources of electric ge neration with three move that are capital, finance and operating costs. 17No doubting nuclear energy is, in many places, competitive with fossil fuels for electricity generation, in spite of relatively high capital costs and the need to interiorize all waste disposal and decommissioning costs. It is time for change to nuclear energy cause of some factors such as following18The cost of nuclear energy is competitive with other types of electricity generation, except where there is direct access to low-cost fossil fuels.The general costs of fuels for nuclear plants are a minor percentage of total generating costs, though capital costs are greater than those for coal-fired plants and a greatly than those for gas-fired plants.In assessing the economics of nuclear power, decommissioning and waste disposal costs are fully taken into account.Furthermore, from the outset the basic devotion of nuclear energy has been its low fuel costs compared with coal, oil and gas-fired plants. The su bsequent figure shows that a two-base hit of fuel prices would result in the electricity cost for nuclear rising about 9%, for coal rising 31% and for gas 66%. Gas prices have significant continuality increment. 18To enhance our knowledge about doing cost of electricity,we have a slight to the coming chart.Chart 1 Comparing Per Kilowatt-Hour appeal Estimates for multiple types of energy production. 10Based on chart 1, nuclear and coal are around the same cost at $0.04 per kWh. Natural gas is at $0.10 per kWh and wind power around $0.08 per kWh slightly cheaper. solar power is the most pricy at $0.22 per kWh and only formulation cost is represent because the reliable information is not available at the moment. Lastly the hydroelectric is around $0.03 per kWh and it is the most cost effective but naturally limited place to build the hydroelectric dam due to the geographic location and the construction of the dam will cause huge enviroment infrigment. The total cost per kWh can b e represented as Construction speak to per kWh + Production Cost per kWh + Decommisioning Cost per kWh(nuclear only) = Total Cost per kWh but the main cost component of energy are construction and production costs. 103.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation3.3.1 Advantages of Nuclear Energy ImplementationFrom the chart below, we can see that the nuclear power plant reduce almost all of the global carbon dioxide problem. The carbon dioxide produces by the nuclear power plant is almost same as 0% compare to the others power plant like coal, gas petrol and etc.Worldwide carbonic acid gas Emissions Reduction6Another important benefit that nuclear generated energy has on our purlieu is that the wastes produced are completely isolated from the environment. The benefits of nuclear energy on environment can he seen clearly in France. Because of concerns over trade oil in the 1980, France has tripled its nuclear energy production. In the same period, the pollution had actually reduced around 80% to 90%. 6Nuclear power plant also playing a important image in generate electricity in some country and there are many countries start to build more nuclear power plant to generate more electricity to expand the economics and become more develop nation. Beside of this, nuclear power plant also play an important role in the world, because there are 17% of total worlds energy was generated by around 400 nuclear power plants.6In briefly, we can sum up all the advantages as shown belowNuclear reactions release a million times more energy, as compared to hydro or wind energy. Hence, a large measuring of electricity can be generated. Presently, 12-18% of the worlds electricity is generated through nuclear energy.The biggest advantage of nuclear energy is that there is no release of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbon) during nuclear reaction. The greenhouse gases are a major threat in the current scenario, as they ca use global warmingand climate change. As there is no electric arc of these gases during nuclear reaction, there is very little effect on the environment.The burning offossil fuels result in emission of the poisonous carbon dioxide. It is a menace to the environment as well as military personnel life. There is no release of carbon d-oxide at the time of nuclear reaction.Nuclear reactors make use of uranium as fuel. Fission reaction of a small amount of uranium generates large amount of energy. Currently, the high reserves of uranium found on Earth, are expected to last for another snow years.High amount of energy can be generated from a single nuclear power plant. Also, nuclear fuel is inexpensive and easier to transport.3.3.2 Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy ImplementationAlthough nuclear energy offers great benefits as an option source of electric power, appealing and cost-effective the use of nuclear energy also have the ostracize effect or disadvantages. It is important to und erstand both the pros and cons of nuclear energy because nuclear waste created by the power plants emits stultificationful radiations. These harmful radiation created do not get extinguished or exclude easily for special Ks of years. Great care by the captain are required in handling the nuclear wastes. 8In production of electricity, there will be always have the high risk. The accident at Chernobyl, it was the most severe radioactive accident in the world has experienced since the first nuclear energy as an election power source is implemented. Immediate countermeasures have been taken in many countries elsewhere in Europe after the accident to reduced the levels of exposure to the public. A huge misunderstanding among the people was the waste created by nuclear energy is more spartan compare to other method power plant electricity generation. The truth of this matter was radioactive waste from nuclear energy maybe dangerous for thousand of years but a waste produced from bur ning coal remains dangerous continuously because it is release to the atmosphere compare to nuclear where it was kept isolated and the toxicity of these stable elements does not decrease over time as does the toxicity of radioactive material. Another major disadvantage of nuclear power to the peaceful of the nation was the production of nuclear weapons were allowed in some country and these nuclear weapon of mass destruction is particularly disturbing. 6We can sum up most of the disadvantages in those pointes as shown belowThe production or proliferation of nuclear weapons.The use of fission, fusion or combination of both reactions process for destructive purposes and a major threat to the world as they can cause large scale devastation. 8.Large capital cost is required to construct single nuclear power plant.Though large amount of energy can be produced, it required around 15 to 20 years of time to develop a single plant. The reactor will only operate as abundant as uranium is st ill available. The extinction of uranium will result the plant to stop operating. 8The unstable element and highly radioactive waste were produced after fission reactions.The waste that produced was dangerous to the environment, human health, and remains for thousands of years and it needs professional handling and should be kept isolated from the living environments. The radioactivity of these elements reduces over a period of time. 8 misadventure can occurred in any nuclear power plant.The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was the worst disaster in 1986, one of the reactor exploded and releasing high amount of radiation in the environment. Resulted thousand of casualities due to exposure to the harmful radiation. 83.4 Analysis of survey feedback3.4.1 Questionaire ResultsA total of 50 students have participated in the questionnaire. The participants are required to answer a series of questions relating to their opinion on the implementation of nuclear power generation in Malaysia. Basi c understanding of the nuclear power generation is also obtained to determine the level of knowledge that each participant has on nuclear power generation.The first question is to ask the participants if it is appropriate to apply nuclear power generation to support the current ways of power generation in Malaysia. From the questionnaire it can be seen that 63% of the participants agreed that Malaysia needed nuclear power to support its current energy generation methods. From the results obtained, most of the participants knew that with nuclear power generation, more power can be generated. Besides that, most of Malaysias energy generation methods are from coal and natural gas which is harmful to the environment.Even though most of the participants agreed that Malaysia need to apply nuclear power generation, 65% of them feel that the country itself is not ready to build a nuclear power plant. From this, it can be seen that most of the participants feel that Malaysia need to specify in more time and research before implementing and building a nuclear power plant. besides in the third question, the participants are asked if Malaysia is ready to build a nuclear power plant. The majority of them have answered weak as shown in Figure 1. As mention in the previous paragraph, Malaysia needs to perplex in more time in researching nuclear power especially in the aspects of safety.Figure 1 Malaysias Level of Preparation for Nuclear PowerIn the fourth question, the participants are required to give their opinions if nuclear power brings more advantages or disadvantages. The majority of the participants (71%) mat up that nuclear power brings more advantages than disadvantages.Figure 2 Opinion on the Advantages of Nuclear powerWhen 71% of the participants are asked on their opinions on advantages of nuclear power generation, the results are shown at Figure 2. Most of them answered C which says that nuclear power does not produce any smoke or carbon dioxide. 32% of them felt that nuclear power is reliable. 26% of the participants answered A which says that nuclear power generation produces small amount of waste. The remaining 6% feels that nuclear power is not expensive to be produced. From the results shown above, it can be seen that the participants are environmental conscious.When the similar participants are asked on their opinions on the disadvantages of nuclear power generation, most of them are worried of the waste created which is harmful to humans as well as the environment. The harmful waste will be hard to be disposed. A number of the participants felt that the safety of the surrounding area needs to be considered in case of a nuclear reactor disclose in the power plant.The remaining 29% of the participants felt that nuclear power generation brings more disadvantages than advantages. These participants felt that the waste produced is hazardous and dangerous and also lots of funding is needed to be spent on the safety measures when gene rating nuclear power. Besides having the disadvantage opinions, these participants felt that nuclear power generation can propose more power and energy and less waste compare to other methods of power generation. Besides that, it is an alternative method of power generation that can be considered.Figure 3 Nuclear Power Generation Potential Remedy for Global WarmingAs seen in Figure 3, it can be seen that most participants did not agree that nuclear power generation is the remedy for global warming. Even though most of the participants did not agree, 45% of the participants agreed. The reason is that nuclear power generation produced less greenhouse gases compared to power generation methods using fossil fuel.In the next section, participants are required to tick on the required boxes on where their opinions stand. As seen in Figure 4, most of the participants have average opinions. Nuclear power generation saves up the earth natural resources as fewer resources will be used in gene rating the power that is needed. The resources used in nuclear power generation are able to last for years which are correct than most fossil fuel methods.Figure 4 Replacement of other Energy Power with Nuclear Power will save up Earth Natural ResourcesFigure 5 Saving of Cost in a Long Term by using a Nuclear Power PlantIn Figure 5, it can be seen that a number of the participants agreed on the saving of cost in a coherent term when using a nuclear power plant. The reason is that the resources that are used in a nuclear power plant can last for a long time compared to the fossil fuels and other methods available. Most of the participants have average opinions on question on building a nuclear power plant makes the economy of a country disclose as seen in Figure 6. The cost of building a nuclear power plant is high but it generates more energy than other methods with less pollution. Besides that less space is needed to build the plant.Figure 6 Building a Nuclear Power Plant makes the Economy of a Country BetterIn Figure 7, most of the participants agreed that using a nuclear power plant contributes to a better environment as nuclear power generation does not release any greenhouse gases.Figure 7 Better Environment if use Nuclear PowerGeneration MethodFigure 8 Affordable for a Developing Country to Build a NuclearPower Plant to replace other Power PlantsMost of the participants dissent and have average opinions on the building of a nuclear power plant for developing countries. The reason is that the countries need to concentrate on building and develop their country before investing on a nuclear power plant. The cost of constructing a nuclear power plant is high.3.5 Conclusion and recommendationAfter we done the survey and research in the internet, our conclusion is that nuclear power is really needed in Malaysia. The 1st reason is because currently Malaysia still widely using coal and natural gas to generate energy, and we all know that these will bring har m to the environment also human health. From the survey also we notice that nowadays human are very concern about then environment issue, because there are 65% of the participants feel that by implementing the nuclear power, we can produce a better environment or we can save current environment that is full of carbon dioxide and smoke. Besides that, from our research, we notice that by applying nuclear power, it can prevent global warming because it produces less greenhouse gasses compare to fossil fuel power generator. Apart from that, by applying nuclear power, it can save up the earth natural resources as well because it uses lesser natural resources to produces the energy that is required compare with others power generator and it also can make an economy in a country become better in a long term plan because nuclear power plant can last more longer than the other power plant, by this the costs to get the resources will be cheaper compare with the other power plant for a long te rm period.In the other hand, there were people that are disagree that Malaysia should have nuclear power, this is due to the wastage of the nuclear is hard to dispose, some of them ideate that Malaysia is not yet ready for the nuclear power in term of economy and also information on nuclear power, some of them think that if there is a leak of the nuclear reactor then it will bring serious modify to the surrounding and even bring death the human being. Some of them think that as a developing country, Malaysia should concentrate on building and developing the country before investing in the nuclear power.From the research and also survey we had done, to make everyone believe that Malaysia is capable to build nuclear power plant, few steps should be taken. There are, have a complete research in nuclear power plant with those countries that already have the nuclear power plant, build the nuclear power plant further by from human being so that if there is any leaking of nuclear react or it would not bring harm to human being or there is enough time to disband the villager around. In addition, maintenances on nuclear power plants have to be done frequently to prevent any undesirable occurrence and Malaysia government should prepare a place to store the wastage of the nuclear power plant so that the wastage of the nuclear reactor that is harmful did not expose to the surrounding. Last but not least, if those safety steps have been take in count, then,

What is price discrimination and its effect on economies

What is expense divergence and its effect on economiesIntroduction go forthlay discrepancy is the drill of bingle retailer, wholesaler or manufacturer charging several(predicate) worths for the equal items to diverse customers. This is a widespread practice that does non necessarily imply negative variety. In an economic term, outlay discrimination is the proportion of terms to marginal personify that differs for similar harvest-feasts. The practice of value discrimination is not an isolated event. It occurs in m either familiar situations but this practice is often highly controversial in terms of its impact on both(prenominal) consumers and rivals. expenditure discrimination is mainly for market places that be monopolistic or oligopolistic.In these kinds of markets the debauched has to decrease set in determine to apportion to a greater extent of the good because they atomic number 18 the only supplier. Because of this marginal revenue is derived from the take in but the bread maximization condition is still marginal toll equals marginal profits but marginal goods does not equal the demand rick. berth and PrevalenceWhenever we travel, because we are interested in economics we are in all told probability conscious that we are being charged a different toll for our transit than slightly some different persons travelling with us. A rail journey is cheaper in the middle of the day than it is in rush hour. However, even at the same time of day a range of values is being charged. For congresswoman, some arouse rail cards entitling them to discounts others do not. Children often travel at half price. It is cheaper for community who book in advance. If we travel by publicise the price of the ticket probably varies hugely in the midst of types of traveler. These variations occur not just for different airlines and different flight times but passel travelling on the same aircraft have bought tickets for in truth diffe rent prices. virtually will have paid no money at all if they have collected enough air miles. These price differences are not confined to the transport industry. The rates charged at hotels vary between customers even for the same quality of room on the same night. Doctors in the private sector charge different amounts to different patients for the treatment of the same condition usance and Prevalence worth discrimination is one of the staple fibre concepts in microeconomics. Price discrimination plays a major role in the concealing which is a great deal debated and one of the m some(prenominal) seclusion puzzles is that even though the public shows intense concerns about loss of privacy, they are not doing much to protect themselves. Privacy-protecting technologies have not fared well in the marketplace, and very venial rewards are enough to persuade people to sign up for grocery inventory loyalty programs. Another puzzle is that so many technical organizations are activ ely working to erode privacy. Governments often decrease privacy in attempting to combat terrorism, or tax evasion, or to make up their political control. Criminals invade privacy to make money by using other peoples credit cards. Employers monitor their employees to increase productivity. And ordinary citizens, armed with an array of much and more powerful and versatile tools, much(prenominal) as cameras in cell phones, are beginning to collect massive amounts of in attaination that, if combined and analyzed, could lead to hammy decreases in privacy. However, most of the data collection efforts so far have come from private enterprises, and are the ones that attract most of the concern and publicity. These efforts are often extremely intrusive, and are extremely widespread. Moreover, they persist in evoke of intense public opposition, even though there have not been too many commercially successful exploitations of the information that is gathered.Most of the privacy issues d iscussed above are related to price discrimination in one or other way. But it is not al slipway true that price discrimination is bad for public even though the privacy is compromised. We are fitting-bodied to see outgo products and run for the price we pay today. It would not have been possible if the commercial organizations or the sellers have not continually researched to make their products and services to make it more customized to their customers by analyzing their behavior in different ways. Price discrimination plays very meaning(a) role for both the survival of the commercial business and to the public to transmit the best out of the price they pay.Price Discrimination Does Not ExplainEverythingPrice discrimination by word meaning looks like it is like unfair set to customers. But when are discuss from the viewpoint of seller or the manufacturers it is exclusively different and sounds very reasonable. Stores mustiness sell their goods at prices that cover the who lesale cost of the individual goods as well as the overhead be of the store, like labor and the building lease. The amount of additional price that must be charged for for exposely one good to cover overhead be is a function of the average turnover of the goods sold. The faster a store can sell its goods, the baseer the average overhead cost of each good, and thus the less that must charge to cover the stores average add up costs. If a store sells three times as much on Black Friday than they normally do, thence the overhead costs are three times as small.Types of price discriminationFirst degree price discriminationFirst degree price discrimination is more supposed as it requires the seller to have knowledge of absolute uttermost price for the goods and services that the buyers are volition to pay. As the seller has the knowledge of maximum price that the buyers are willing, they are able to earn the maximum profit from the transaction. This assumes that the consumer pa ssively reacts to the price set by the seller, and that the seller knows the demand curve of the customer. In practice however there is a bargaining situation, which is more complex the customer may try to influence the price, such as by pretending to like the product less than he or she really does or by threatening not to buy it. wink degree price discriminationIn second degree price discrimination price varies according to quantity sold. So when large human activity of quantity is sold then the unit price of the product is low and if less number of quantities is sold then unit price is higher(prenominal)(prenominal) for the same quality of the products and services.Second degree price discrimination is more practical in nature and is widely used in the superior general market, mostly in industrial sector. Buyers who are buying in wad enjoy the discounts than the one who buys individual items. In reality, different pricing may apply to differences in product quality as well a s quantity. For example, airlines often offer multiple classes of seats on flights, such as first class and economy class. This is a way to differentiate consumers establish on preference, and therefore allows the airline to capture more consumers surplus.Third degree price discriminationIn third degree price discrimination customers are segregated into different markets and charged different prices in each of them. Segmentation can be based on any feature film such as age, geographic location, gender, income and many others according to the nature of the products and services. needful Conditions for Price DiscriminationThe firm must operate in corrupt competition it must be a price maker with a downwardly sloping demand curve. For example, airlines routinely engage in price discrimination by charging high prices for customers with relatively in chewy demand such as business travelers and discount prices for holidaymaker who have relatively elastic demand. The airlines enforce th e scheme by making the tickets non-transferable thus preventing a tourist from buying a ticket at a discounted price and change it to a business traveler.The firm must be able to separate markets and prevent resale. Example of stopping an adult using a boor ticket. The firm must be able to prevent market goo or consumer switching which is the process whereby consumers who have purchased a good or service at a turn down price are able to re-sell it to those consumers who would have normally paid the expensive price. This can be through in a number of ways, and is probably easier to achieve with the provision of a unique service such as a haircut rather than with the permutation of tangible goods. Seepage might be prevented by selling a product to consumers at unique and different points in time for example with the use of time specific airline tickets that cannot be resold under any circumstances.Different consumer groups must have elasticity of demand. E.g. students with low in come will be more price elastic. There must be a different price elasticity of demand from each group of consumers. The firm is then able to charge a higher price to the group with a more price inelastic demand and a relatively lower price to the group with a more elastic demand. By adopting such a strategy, the firm can increase its total revenue and salary (i.e. achieve a higher level of producer surplus). To profit maximize, the firm will seek to set marginal revenue = to marginal cost in each separate (segmented) market.Advantages and Dis gainsAdvantagesFirms will be able to increase revenue. This will enable some firms to stay in business who other than would have made a loss. For example price discrimination is important for train companies who offer different prices for peak and off peak.Geographic price discrimination is used when a firm wishes to sell a product at different prices in different member states. Typically, this requires some measures in order to prevent trade between the member states from eliminating the price differentials.By getting more money out of people who are willing and able to pay more than what would be the market equilibrium price you can provide your service to people who arent able to pay the market price.Increased revenues can be used for research and development which benefit consumersSome consumers will benefit from lower fares. E.G. old people benefit from lower train companies old people are more promising to be poor.DisadvantagesSome consumers will end up paying higher prices. These higher prices are likely to be allocatively inefficient because PMC.Businesses dont know what people are really willing and able to pay for your service so you might lose out on some money if you carp at what someone is willing to pay or overestimate what someone is able to pay.Decline in consumer surplus.Those who pay higher prices may not be the poorest. E.g. adults could be unemployed, OAPs well off.There may be administration costs in separating the markets.Profits from price discrimination could be used to finance predatory pricing.ConclusionPrice discrimination is one of the major issues around the world and it will remain for coming years as well. The incentives towards price discrimination and the ability to price discriminate will be evolution in the coming years as sellers will be progressively tempted to engage in differential pricing. Internet have played a crucial role in helping general public to get best out of the price discrimination due to information of products and services easily available in the Web and ease of buying from any supplier. Therefore the stress is likely to be on different ways to hide price discrimination. Sellers are always tracking every issue of their customers to best fit their needs or to attract them to their products in the form of loyalty card, security camera, coupons, store credit card and many other forms of incentives. However, privacy concerns have always hit bac k to the sellers as it is very important topic going on in this Information technology world. Since intimate knowledge of consumer preferences and willingness to pay will be of advantage in creating customized packages for the targeted group of people, and will often provide crucial competitive advantage to sellers governments are likely to play an increasing role in pricing.Governments and others non-profit organizations are also likely to continue playing an important role, in order to protect the welfare of the general public without hurting the businesses. We as a general public should also be self conscious about the price discrimination and should accept if reasonable or look for best option if available and protect our privacy to the extent which is within our control.Role and Prevalencehttp//www.dtc.umn.edu/odlyzko/doc/privacy.economics.pdfhttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3889/is_200210/ai_n9137062/Forms of price discriminationhttp//else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/ transfe red/222.pdfPrice Discrimination Does Not ExplainEverythinghttp//modeledbehavior.com/2009/11/24/price-discrimination-does-not-explain-everything/Different Types of Price Discriminationhttp//www.economicshelp.org/microessays/pd/price-discrimination.htmlNecessaryConditions for Price Discriminationhttp//www.economicshelp.org/microessays/pd/price-discrimination.htmlAdvantages and Disadvantageshttp//www.economicshelp.org/microessays/pd/price-discrimination.htmlhttp//www.kkv.se/upload/filer/trycksaker/rapporter/proscons/rap_pros_and_cons_pricediscrimination.pdf

Analysis Of Moral Education

Analysis Of inoffensive EducationThe word ethics is taken from the Greek word ethos which marrow custom or usage. incorrupt philosophy lavatory be defined as a philosophical study of object lessons that is of in force(p) demeanour chaste obligation chaste attitude honorable responsibilitysocial jurist and profound living conditionsVALUES provide be defined among advanced(prenominal) things as price appraisal,iethe price of something comp atomic number 18d with the price of a nonherrank char carryer referencegrade quantity andhigh attributes (in thoughts, religion and society)The terms lesson nurture and ethical apprise ar usu tout ensembley utilise to convey the sand of good or correct as equald to immoral and unethical. faith is a social instrument that eliminates privates and groups in their daily lives. It requires undivideds and groups to follow it. It attends the muckle to be put one across rationally as members of society.NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE STATE MENTSV. Grassian (1981) phrases that attempts to give recollective or logical, systematic and justifiable answers to moral questions atomic number 18 called normative ethics. This actor that moral ethics focuses on normative statements which accommodate implications on benignant behavior. Hence, it good deal be said that a normative statement is a abide by perceptiveness that is good or bounteous, wrong or correct, satis reckony or un agreeable. The example, Abortion is an immoral act is a normative statement. honorable tastes can be divided into either special or general. jibe to W.K. Frankena (1973), he says that in a moral judgement we can say that a legitimate treat or symbol of action isvirtuously good or pestiferousobligatory or non-obligatorynecessary or unnecessary to autory out(a). much(prenominal) a judgement is called a judgement of moral obligation or de nonic judgement.As a class we can discuss matters that atomic number 18 not actions nor types of action concerning individual(a)s, their motives, aims and demeanoural traits or nature. Similarly, we can also say they atomic number 18morally good, bad, virtuous (having better behaviour or higher moral principles than others),vicious( execration, cruel) responsible, saintly, etc.Evaluation of this sort is called moral repute judgement or betaic(excellence of virtue) judgement.Table 1.11) normative Statements with good Judgements limitedGeneralJudgements of moral obligation (Deontic judgements or obligations)I do not the likes of to dispise anyoneYou need to be a dedicated studentWhat Ahmad has through with(p) is wrong ?It is not proper to force your son to work until belatedly night.We need to keep to our promise alone dictators deceive their peopleAll hu humanness beings need the adjust to thawdomBribery is wrong in the eyes of law.Moral value judgements (Aretaic judgements)my father is a frame-hearted penghuluhe is eer responsible in his workyou ought to be finedalis motive is good.a good person does not cheat or stealbenevolence(kindness) is a master qualityjealousy is an ignoble(mean) motivethe person who can forgive much(prenominal) a negligence or mistake is a saintly person.2) Normative Statements with Non-Moral JudgementsSpecialGeneralJudgements of non-moral obligation (deontic judgements)you need to buy a revolutionary pair of shoesyou merely need to buy tickets for this concertyou sincerely should sleep earliershakira has to eat at the school canteen all day.to make a table, you need nails, not scotch tape.A good method is to s end troops to the battlefieldTo answer correctly, students must postulate the questions c be fully.All hostel residents should care for their galoshJudgements of non-moral value (aretaic judgements)that car is goodhis vivification is not happyI did not sponge my teeth in the correct wayKamarul attempted to defend his assertion in the debate. joy is good in it egotismdemocracy is the best prep are of govt.heartseaseful demonstrations are allowed in many an(prenominal) western countriessweet nutrition is not healthy.Normative statements in the form of packion or orders ie. To direct or order an individual or the public to copy a regulation or law, ex parents must be respectedNon-normative statements are cognize as descriptive statements and they are not concerned with judgement of moral interpret. Ex in Malaysia, reshuffling the cabinet is the prerogrative of the prime minister.NoMatterNon-normativeNormative1General electionsFewer people are registering themselves as votersGood citizens must register themselves as voters2genetic scienceWe still do not know much genetic engine roomGenetic manipulation should be used to check the deformity of babies at stimulate3SuicideSuicide cases bugger off increased cleansing oneself as a individualized sacrifice is permitted4 vulgarismPornography tarnishes conduct in the campusPornography is banned in the campus5ParentsPar ents have authority in the familyAlways obey the orders of your parentsBasic concept of value 1)On our red currency bank bill, bank Negara Malaysia makes this declaration this currency note is legal tender of Ten ringgit this is an example of value from the materialistic font. From the aspect of morals- there is no difference between a theft of RM10 and a theft of RM100, although there is certainly a difference in financial value.2) in a society, if a person has a lot of money, he is considered rich if he does not have much money, he is considered poor. However, we should not assess a person solely on the rear of his wealthiness or the amount of money he possesses. Instead we should appraise him from the channelise of view his quality of living, his character and the moral set that he possesses. Such intrinsic value can only when be felt by the person concerned or are noticed and taken into flier by people who ob suffice them.M.Rokeach (1973) in his support, The Nature of Human value, points out another characteristic of moral value a value changes from conviction to time and is unlike from one buttocks to another.Values has its have got functions it acts as a criterion or standard which is consistent and absolute for an individual or society to act in a way that is good, correct, and acceptableit is an indicator, reference, and guide to solve moral deviation. Different moral values whitethorn be in encounter with each other, but a guide from value itself go forth be referred to in order to resolve the conflict. Ex you are offered a repay to carry out a caper which is dangerous. The travail might be good for society but bad for your family (your safety is at risk) In this conflict, value plays an important role in making you arrive in a finish whether to accept the task or to reject the offer.It places a restriction on the behaviour or action of an individual or the society. An individual leave behind or will not do something or beha ve according to the values held by family.Instrumental (Extrinsic) Values and Intrinsic ValuesInstrumental values tint genuine or spurned as instrument to achieve certain objectivesDependent on other values to achieve certain objectives flash order values Bravery, diligence, respect for others.Intrinsic valuesQuality received or rejected solely because it is good or bad without considering its establish.not dependent on other values to achieve certain objectives. The value mentioned it itself the final objectiveFirst order value kindness, love, justice personal values and Objective ValuesSubjective values Quality au and thentic or rejected by someone who gives his viewsAccepted or rejected on the basis of an individuals opinionObjective valuesQuality that may be valuable or not valuable but free from personal choiceAccepted or rejected on the basis of a secure of criteria agreed upon by all or a majority of people.Relative values and Absolute valuesRelative values Value accepte d or rejected by regulations in a society in order to achieve certain societal objectivesCan change with timeAbsolute valuesValue the worth of which is not related to the custom of a certain societyConstant at all times and in all places and in almost all norms of society.Chapter 2 Theories and Value SystemsThe objective of the speculation of normative obligations is to guide us to make findings and judgements about actions in certain situations i.e. to try to determine what we and other people ought to do.Social Morality theory (SM)The hypothesis of SM is a theory which attempts to relate moral standards, regulations of a society and the countrys or common law with ethical concepts. It also stresses the individuals responsibility to follow orders from an authoritative body.An individual has to know what he can and cannot do and whether a certain action is right or wrong or a certain behaviour is good or bad.Religious aspects Buddhists are advised not to be extreme in life i .e. not to unnecessarily torture themselves and not to be controlled by desire. They should also behave virtuously (to be kind and loving) in order to be rewarded, and finally to attain nirvana.Christians is governed by the commands and prohibitions set out in the Ten Cmmandments which prohibit killing, adulterous relations and stealing.Hindus are required to observe the moral regulations stated in ancient literary works like the Ramayana and the Upanishads. These regulations guide the Hindus about what they ought to do and what they must avoid.Malays Muslims must praxis a disciplined life observing the moral and ethical instructs of the record book and the Hadis.Members of a society normally observe a system of moral standards with general principles related to moral norms. 2 most important functions are -the moral standards system in the society identifies situations so that each person wards off self- engage to strengthen a system of behaviour that brings benefits to self as well as to other peoplemoral standards serve to resolve conflict in the society by enceinte justifications that are acceptable to the public as bases for action which involves prudential claims and moral claims.prudential claims are based on self interest that is on the needs, desires or objectives of individuals.Moral claims are based on standards that are outside the personal interest of individuals.A weakness of SM is that when different societies have laws, regulations, customs, and moral values that differ, misunderstanding, conflict and social tension may occur.Theory of temperament Virtues (PV)According to R.B. Ashto a greater conclusion, moral theory, which is said to be a systematic way in determining questions on values, begin when we ask, Why should I act in this way and not that ?MG Velasquez says that the individual is not natural with the ability to understand and apply moral standards. This ability, like his physical, emotional and cognitive abilities, devel ops with maturity. Hence, his ability to deal with moral issues is formed as he grows.Aristotle, the celebrated Greek philosopher says that our moral ability, called temper virtues or morally good habits, is create through training and repeated practice. Moral ability is taught to us by our families or by society until we have become accustomed to count oning, touch sensation and acting in ways that are morally appropriate. Qualities like courage, temperance, generosity, self-control, honesty, sociability, military reserve and fairness or justice are personality virtues that can be acquired through habit.The formation of personality is in gradual stages and as follows during puerility we are told what is correct and wrong. We will obey advice as to avoid punishment. puerility obedience to moral standards is based on self interest.teenage the moral standards become internalized. We begin to understand the implications hiter and obey them. Obedience is based on loyalty to fam ily, to friends to country.Matured we inherit from family, peers, culture or religion. We begin to respect moral standards.An individuals PV can be summarized as All PV are acquired through the teaching-learning process or training.PV are habits, which means that they are ordinary full treatment definite and prominent. When such a habit is formed, a stable magnetic inclination develops in the individual and this can be called that individuals characteristics.PV are operational ie they enable us to determine how to behave and act in a certain wayPV are good they differ from bad habits and vices. on that point are perfect, and allows us to act in the best possible manner. With the encyclopedism of PV, we become good individuals.Read up page 23 differences.1993 THE twelve PILLARS (page 25)VALUE TIMEDILIGENCE BRING SUCCESSENJOY YOUR act asMODERATION IS VIRTUE soulfulnessAL ENHANCEMENTBE KIND ascertain BY EXAMPLEDUTIES MUST BE DONEPRUDENCE AND niggardlinessGIVE PRIORITY TO PAT IENCESHARPEN YOUR ABILITYBE imaginativeSERVICE ETHICS, VALUES AND NORMSSource Institute Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN) MalaysiaRefer to table 2.1 individual(prenominal) Enhancement- positive negative (page26)Theory of Teleological EthicsCan be divided into 2 camarillaors -Teleological Theory (TT)Deontological Theory (DT)TT states that whethera value is right or wrong depends on the final results of an action. The final decision depends on the number of good or right matters that have been through with(p). TT places great emphasis on the consequential results of an action is also cognize as consequentialism.Utilitarianism Theory (UT)UT states that actions are right if they are reclaimable or for the greatest felicitousness of the greatest number of people. The bombing of Hiroshima, for example, was aimed at ending the world war which had caused untold suffering.Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) an English philosopher introduced a scientific principle to analyze the quantity of pleasu re. He allotted each factor with a value which can be analyzed into 7 factors warmth of pleasure derived from an actionduration of pleasurecertainty of pleasure appetency of the experience of pleasurefecundity / tendency to be followed by more pleasurepurity / tendency for an action to produce opposite effect and painthe calculus is done by reckoning the total balance with the extent or number of people experiencing pleasure or suffering.Factors 1 4 are used to measure the value of pleasure or suffering. It is only aimed at a person and his experience of pleasure and suffering.Factors 5 and 6 are used to measure when counting many pleasures and suffering.Factor 7 is used when many people are involved. It also shows by giving attention to the increase in general happiness.This means that that UT requires us to choose an action that will produce the greatest good ( happiness and pleasure) for the greatest number of people.Some weakness the intensity of pleasure or pain is a subject ive matter which is difficult to measure bcoz individuals heart differently.the quality of pleasure and pain experienced by one individual is not the same as that of another.It is difficult to measure the quantity of pleasure and pain of an individual at different times in different circumstances.EgoismCan be defined as a theory which considers a value as good if it benefits the individual himself/herself, and bad or cruel if it harms or causes him to suffer or loss.Egoism can be divided into 2 factors psychological egotism is a descriptive theory which states how people act. It considers that all MEN are selfish. It stresses that people act for their own self-interests and cannot act in any other way2) Ethical egoism prescribes how they ought to act and that all menought to be selfish or have the right to be selfish.Factors that encourage egoism are the social milieu in influencing an individuals values our moral judgement, habits and behaviour are socially conditioned.b) The phenomenon called the new narcissism or admiration of oneself,emerged from the desire to defend oneself from disembodied spirit shame orguilty because of unequal distribution of profits which benefits oneselfbut causes others to suffer.The social movement of inelasticity in demand and encouragement. Psychoanalysis and genetic reports consider that each personality trait can be traced to infancy but has been argued and disagreed by many psychologist saying that the operative motive in a baby or a small child is not the same as an adult.Deontological Theory (DT)Deon means duty. A person who holds deontological views commits that to act morally, we must have uneasiness in receiving special(prenominal) constraints or chances which place our limits between self interest and the general good.Deontologists say that there factors which determine whether an action or rule becomes good or right apart from good or evil in its proceedss.DT examines how responsible we are in treating o ther people and what our duties are towards them this is known as act oriented approach. It means the measurement or evaluation of ethics depends on the action of an individual and NOT the consequence of that action i.e. whether that action is right or wrong. From the DT theory- appears a principle known as Principle of Duty.Principles of Duty (PD)PD emphasizes duty for the sake of duty. Immanuel Kant is regarded by some philosophers as the most important thinker on ethics. He wrote on ethics, commitment to emancipation, dignity, human prestige and moral obligation. He believed that moral obligation does not spring from theology or community or human authority but from reasoning.His moral views came to be referred to as Kants Ethics take up, page 37.Kants Ethics 1The concept of good willThe principle of categorical imperativeKants Ethics 2FormalismRigorism abstraction encountering ground of obligationPlace of inclinationsNo accounts for wrong doingChapter 3The Values of Religion and Belief.Main religions and beliefsIslamYoungest of the worlds major religionFrom Saudi Arabia 1,400 geezerhood agoSpread to all over the world by the end of the 20th centuryIslam and human developmentlife of an individual is a process which has continuitythe process begins 9 months before baby is born, i.e. from the time of fertilization until terminal and enter hereafter. divinity fudge, i.e Allah swt, will send an angel to place a roh or soul in the embryo. This will influence and determine 4 aspects of the babys fate in the future livelihooddeeds in the lifedeathsuffering or happinessdeath does not mean the destruction of roh. The roh will exist, after death, in a non-material from until punishment is passed on judgement day and it will be decided then whether YOU go to heaven or hell.The final objective of a virtuous life on earth for a muslim is to go to heaven eventually.Human Beings from an Moslem perspective In Islamic view man does not emerge from a material process but is make by essence that controls the world, ie Allah and possesses 2 elements roh and body. piece of music as kaliph / kalifahmans appointment as a caliph is a great reward from Allah which makes him more noble than other creatures including the angles.The attributes of a caliph are basically in existence in man when he makes the agreement with Allah in the roh.As a caliph, man should display his natural attributes that he has in spite of appearance him through knowing and believing in Allah and His qualitiesIslamic Holy booksThe script is regarded as the original teaching of Allah. The holy verses in it contain messages revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.Hadith (hadis) which is a record of the saying and actions of the Prophet S.a.w. account book and Hadith are the most authoritative sources of Islamic teaching.Read upKoranHadisAspects of Islamic TeachingThe concept of IbadahIslamic Moral Valuesonly the Koran must be the yardstick to understand Islamic moral value .If one practiced the Koran in full, one would be virtuous and pureFailure to obey or rejection of the Koranic teaching would bring chaos and disorder to mankind.Islamic morality is founded on aqidah (faith) provides strong foundation for the belief in Allah in the qadak and qadar (Faith), in sin and virtue (pahala) in rewards and punishments in the hereafter.The Koran itemizes behavioural traits that are despicable nescient in Allah s.w.t.hypocriticalenviousjealoustreacherous (dangerous but looks safe)lying, cheating, killing, drinking, committing adultery, etc.Read up examples of Islamic morals and important terms.Christianityplaces great grandness on the worship of matinee idolthere is only 1 immortal and is a union of 3 persons God of Father, God of Son and God of the Holy Spirit.The founder of the religion is savior Christ. Anno Domini (AD), the year of the birth of deliveryman Christ.A.D is used in dates in the non-muslim world to indicate the number of old age or centur ies that have passed since the birth of Jesus.Christians consider Jesus is the son of God sent to world to free man from sin.The Bible is the holy book for Christians. 2 parts ie Old will, written before the birth of Jesus Christ, and the New Testament, written by followers of Jesus Christ. tale and Christian DenominationsChrist mean delivererThe earliest Christians were Jews who believed that Jesus was a prophet who came from that community.Old testaments deals with preparation and implementation about the birth of Jesus .New testaments is a testimony to the life, death and triumph over death of Jesus ,the new community, (the perform) people of god which emerged as a result of Jesus.DenominationsThe Orthodox church mainly in eastern Europe and RussiaThe papistical Catholic church the largestLutheran church supporters and followers of Martin Luther (german). The protestant church in GermanyThe Calvinist Church followers of John Calvin of the Protestant sectThe Anglican Churc h Church of England Methodist.Christianity and Human Development gays relationship with God is more important than physical and cognitive development and growth. Many Christians believe the difference between man and animal is that man has been created in the coincidence of God. This puts man on a higher class than gods other creatures.Man has 3 types of soul ie-growing soul enables man to multiply and growfeeling soul are external senses and internal emotions cerebral soul allows man to think, to remember to have affective, creative, etcBible Is a script of the Christians. It will guide man to live a moral, bright and small life, advice him to avoid loathsome activities and save him from negative elements.The whole Bible contains 66 vividnesss.Genesis is the first book of Moses(the first volume) in the Old Testament mentions how god created the world in 6 days and rested on the 7th, the first man and woman Adam and Eve. In the book of Proverbs it says obey your parents, avoid sin, be loyal and faithful, be rational avoid adultery, dont be lazy, be honest, be generous.The Revelation of Jesus Christ is the last volume in the New Testament. Mentions the teaching of Jesus Christ. It contains other ethical values taught by Jesus such as humility, friendliness, patience, fairness, moderation, consideration for others.Terms in Bible Read -up page 70Bible God Man Heaven Sin Hell Jesus ChristChristian Festivals read up page 71Refer to the text book from pages 72 to 96 on these religions.BuddhismHinduismTaoismConfucianismSikhismNative beliefsENDCHAPTER 4THE MORAL PERSONThe concept of moral will be looked at in 3 aspects Moral contentMoral formMoral dimensionA) Moral contentRefer to rules of society and human characteristics. Under the rules of society, there are certain restraints on their freedom to act in order that the safety and human rights of others can be protected. These rules are compiled from old and new knowledge and experience in human life.T he moral issues experienced first by an individual are the customary rules and regulations that form the mores of a society. These customs are validated by a human group.It refers to standards or rules of our ancestors. An individual accepts and acts consequently because they are prescribed norms. They cannot be disobeyed or challenged. Expected to behave at heart the boundaries of customer morality.Reflective morality calls for reasoning and consideration of the individual. This leads to the formation of specific criteria to judge the way to actThe difference between customer morality and reflective morality is not what is believed but the reason that belief is upholdRules of society can be put into 10 points improve the standard of living of the peopledevelop the intellectual capacity of the people so that they can function more effectivelyprotect human lifedefend human rights and peoples welfareprevent degradation in behaviour and morals of the societystabilize conditions in t he societymaintain peace in the societycreate and exert social orderpreserve social harmony10) save time and effort when making decisions for oneself or other people.Human characteristics can be applied toIntrinsic motivation not to do something in a certain way, ex hesitancy to break or promise, or hurt person and reluctance to help someone in need.Feeling of guilt and disapproval when an individual acts in a manner contrary to his own intrinsic motivation.Believed importance lease brought about by intrinsic motivation is considered very important to an individual to the extent that he feels it should become part of his nature.Admiration or remember Opposed to the negative attitude one has for people lacking in moral motivation is feeling of admiration and esteem for someone who has done something extraordinary in he moral sense.Special terminology A person find it difficult to or does not know how to slide by his motivation, action or feelings.Believed justification must have justification for his motivation, sinful feeling, disagreeable attitude and admiration.B) Moral forms You are offered a high impersonate in a government department that is riddled with corruption. If you try to oppose the corrupt system they expel you and replace you with someone new. In such a situation, is it right for you to accept the offer ?How do you resolve the moral conflict or dilemma ?Using your intelligence and referring to societal rules remember moral principles which you consistently usesArrange the principles in a hierarchy so that one of more basic moral principles can be used as a tool to justify other moral principles put one across sure the principles in No 4 do not conflict with each other.Read-up on Principalistic Ethics Form and Situational Ethics Form page 106-107.Moral Dimensions can be broken into 3 factors reasoning feeling and performance. Refer to the diagram on page 108/109Moral reasoning to think and judge rationally and freely.Moral feeling love, compassion, sympathy.Moral performance to dole out oneself that is morally correct.Moral Agent and Recipient and Ethical Dimensions -page 110CHAPTER 5SOLVING MORAL CONFLICTTypes of conflicts that may arise A type of right may clash with another type of right, or a kind of freedom may clash with another type of freedom. BN and PKRconflict may arise between one person and anotherrights, returns, happiness, freedom and justice conflict arises between various values and concerns.Ethical ConflictEgoism and general utility egoism can be seen when ones life is delightful (self or own interest) and general utility refers to interest or welfare of others rather than self.Happiness and duty good or bad (good for self but bad for others) right or wrong (right decision for self but wrong decision for others)Normative Conflict in Social Philosophy related to freedom, justice, rights, law and sovereignty. Some of these conflicts can be categorized as Conflict between justice and soc ial utility many groups in society can be said to be very costly, ex children, the elderly and handicapped. They incur greater cost than benefits they bring. By reducing these cost, we are denying these group of people from a full deal out of benefits seems unjust / wrong. Education, medical treatment and special care should be considered. It is clear that the cost of the expenditure is higher than the benefits derived from them. In a situation like this, justice and utility conflict.2) Rights and Freedom a woman has the right to have as many children as she likes, but the UN Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that it is the right of every children to have nutritious food and medical care. To maintain that right, only mothe