The Implementation Of Nuclear Energy In Malaysia Engineering Essay

The Implementation Of atomic zip fastener In Malaysia Engineering Essay atomic goose egg is wholeness of the more or less important sources of vim that come from atomic number 92 and originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process beseeched thermo atomic thermo atomic fission at the situation define. The fission process is single-valued functiond to fork out oestrus for producing go, which is accustomd to turn the turbine to generate electricity.3 In the mid-twentieth century, atomic capability was discovered and the implementation of nuclear get-up-and-go as a source of business leader was slow to come to get the result beca mathematical function it is unsounded nether seek and development, just it became an important part of the worlds bureau source. With the oil crisis from the past and recently, nuclear cypher was the c atomic number 18 method to generate electricity, but nuclear meltdown when some failure occur in the coif created a cul ture of fear amongst the world. In example was Chernobyl calamity that killed many lives. 1Based on the history, nuuclear cipher was mainly contracted in the year of 1896, where Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium. Followed by in the year of 1902, Marie and jacket of South Dakota Curie quarantined a hot metal c alled radium .While in the year of 1905, Albert Einstein explicate his Special Theory of Relativity where he explain passel fecal matter be considered to be some early(a) form of nil and Enrico Fermi first experimented with nuclear fission in 1934 when he barragearded uranium with neutrons. until now he didnt realize that he had achieved nuclear fission. Scientists soon realized that the neutrons split the nucleus of the uranium atoms and that if the resulting fission could wash up more neutrons, a sustainable nuclear drawing string reaction would result. aft(prenominal) that the nuclear was use to create atomic bomb for war purposes. T he first atomic bomb or A-bomb was tried and true at Alamogordo, New Mexico on 16 July 1945. After the bomb experiment, the Enola Gay, an Ameri loafer airplane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever apply in warf ar on Hiroshima(Japan) followed by the second atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. 2nuclear energy was produced in the year 1951 and this encouraging President Dwight D. Eisenhower to give his Atoms for sleep speech to call for peaceful implementation of nuclear position for the world. By the year of 1954, the U.S.S.R. was generating nuclear energy for its top executive grid and at Geneva conference in 1955, the European Economic Community and the planetary Atomic Energy Agency were launched in order to promote a safe and sustainable nuclear tycooned for the world. Based on the oil crisis in the year of 1970s, many countries were moving in the caution of establishing nuclear indicator make ups to meet the worlds energy micturates since the demand of world -beater argon keep increasing. 13.2 atomic Energy Implementation3.2.1 Electrical proponentUranium is an element show a lot in the Rocky Mountains which we can see these mountains in Canada, South Africa and Australia. atomic cause whole kit and caboodles obviously are supply by this Uranium. The agreement behind making nuclear power possible is usually an infinite energy which was stored in the uranium atoms. By interact the uranium and form of plutonium we might to generate electricity based on the three heavy elements. The nuclear reaction generates instigate that is used to boil pee to create steam and to drive or turn the turbine to generate electricity. In addition , as we found these days that fossil dismiss plant which was limited resources compare to uranium which was a finite non-renewable resource, this is as the contemporaries was al near the alike way of this fossil give notice plant. 4Fossil fuel and nuclear power stations working al closely in the same w ay based on plant, except the chain reaction which is located inside a nuclear nuclear reactor makes the rouse instead. However , the heat is generated by nuclear fission, beside the reactor in the nuclear plant uses Uranium rods as fuel. The neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. How to take the heat a way? Carbon dioxide gas or body of water supply system is pumped done the reactor, and heats the water to plump steam to drives the turbines which drive the generators to generate electricity. By taking Britain as example, we might see that their nuclear power stations are often built on the coast and they dont obtain huge cooling towers that like others country because they use sea water for cooling the steam arrive at to be pumped bust again. The reactor is controlled with control rods that are made of boron, which absorb neutrons. When the rods are lowered into the reactor, they absorb more neutrons and the fission process slows down. To generate more power, the rods are raised and more neutrons can crash into uranium atoms.53.2.2 Pressurized piss Reactor SystemPressurized water reactors were basically consisting of a single fuel element and was assembly of up to 200 fuel pins which are made of zircaloy cadded and these pins are immersed in a large steel push vessel containing ordinary light water. The light water serves as both a coolant and moderator and has a higher(prenominal) neutron-absorbing capacity than heavy water (D2O) and causes increase of the office of 235U in the core. Uranium dioxide is a source of fuel for this reactor. The b overleapjack vessel consists of control rods that pass through the lid, the light water infra pressure, and the reactor core. The water attains a temperature of approximately 270 C without boiling, due to a pressure of about 13.8 to 17.2 MPa which is maintained through a pressurizer. The light water passes in a closed circui t to a heat exchanger. This process causes warmth the water up and convert to steam. This steam drives one or more turbine generators, is condensed, and pumped prat to the steam generator. To condense the steam we may use other sources of water from a lake, river, or cooling tower. In order to remove the lid and alternate an grab portion of fuel pin assembly or to refuel it, the reactor must be fold down completely. This occurs every 12 to 18 months. one way we will be not able to prevent the reactor from overheating while finding a rupture of the cooling system tubing. Due to this danger, reactors are surrounded by a double-walled pressure containment edifice and contain a number of emergency core-cooling systems. 63.2.3 stewing Water Reactor SystemBoiling Water Reactor System is another kind of reactors. It was fuelled by 235U, enriched as uranium dioxide. If we are facial expression for a situation way of removing heat we may find allowing water to boil is the intimatel y particular method. This boiling water reactor allows the coolant indoors the reactor core to boil. The steam generated is then separated, dried, and passed studyly to the turbine generators and condensed and passed back into the reactor core. Steam collection similarly occurs on top of reactor and must be shut down for refueling. in that location are many emergency systems in that particular reactor, the entire reactor is housed within a primary containment chamber which includes the underneath, a ring-shaped tunnel that filled with water. sinc in that location was steam or water were going to escape, it enters that tunnel, then going to condenses.63.2.4 Energy advocate make up in MalaysiaMalaysias Electricity coevals, 1980-2003. (Source EIA)In Malaysia, there has just about 16 giga watts of electric generation capacity, 87% of it is from caloric and 13% of it is from hydroelectric and a very minimum from cross electric. 11 The above turn show the electricity generatio n by thermal and hydropower in year 1980 to 2003 in Malaysia. However, the following table shows some of power stations in MalaysiaNOName of supply station violenceed by1Malim Nawar Power Station, Malim Nawar, ParkCoal2Pantai Remis Power station, Pantai Remis, PerakCoal3Manjung power Station, Manjung, PerakCoal4Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station, Kapar,SelangorCoal5Perai Power Station, Butterworth ,PenangCoal6Tuanku Jaafar Power Station, Port Dickson ,Negeri SembilanOil7Tanjung Kilan Power Station, MelakaOil8Sultan Iskander Power Station, Pasir Gudang, JohorGas9Serdang Power Station ,serdang, SelangorGas10Sultan Ismail Power Station , Paka, TerengganuOilGas11Connaught Bridge Power Station, Klang,SelangorsteamTable1 TNB Power Stations in Malaysia (source answers.com 2006).Thermal power plantThermal power plant means that close to of the machines in that power plant are move or operate by using the steam. It is categorize as non-renewable energy. By heating up the wate r, it produces steam and the steam is use to spin a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After that the steams that go through the turbine will be condensed in a condenser for recycled back to where it was being heated. 12 To heat up the power plant, normally fuel sources are being use. In Malaysia, we use gas, char, biomass and oil. The way that gas, coal and oil use in a power plant is very straight forward, their main and only purpose is to heat up the water. But it is a little bit different in Biomass power plant. In Biomass power plant, solid biofuels like chipped or pelleted wood are used to heat up the boilers to create the steams from the water inside the boilers to drives the turbines. Beside of that, wood can also be gasified to create a so call bio-gas that use to run the gas engines or gas turbines that use to drive the electricity generator. 13 Thermal power plant can produced electricity from 6M watt up to 2500M watt depending on the kind of resources u sed. Example Tuanku Jaafar Power Station (Negeri Sembilan), TSH Bio Sdn Bhd (Sabah), etc. 15Hydropower plantHydropower plant means that the electricity is produce using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is categorize as one of the kind of renewable energy, and it is the most widely use issue forth the other renewable energy. 14 In Malaysia, beside from the normal huge Hydropower plant that using the gravitational force of falling water, there is also a Hydropower plant that is using flowing water that we called it mini Hydropower plant. The electric capacity that produces by it is not more than 10GWatt (Hybrid power plantHybrid power plant mean the turbine is drive by using pluck, solar, diesel and battery. It is a non-renewable energy because it requires diesel to run the turbine at the same date with the support of the wind, solar and also battery energy. The energy that can be produces by Hybrid power plant is depending on how many hectares of solar cell s or wind turbine are being used. Example Pulau Perhentian Kecil (Terengganu). 153.2.5 Nuclear Energy Implementation in MalaysiaA 1MW Triga inquiry reactor has been operated since 1982 by the Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research and was renamed as the Malaysian Nuclear Agency to reflect its constituents in promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy. 9 Basically in Malaysia, our country claim been under evolution this nuclear energy plan and been sending officer to Australia for training in nuclear since since 1985. Malaysia is machinate to build Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) without any problem as our country have enough dependant manpower to oversee the implementation and operation but there is no decision yet by the goverment. 16Malaysia power plant actually produces 91.6 billion kWh gross in 2006, 64% from gas, 25% from coal, and 8% from hydro and a 55% increase over two years to 2005.A comprehensive study has been taken in the year 2009 and our administration actually decided to consider nuclear power. To plan and coordinate, a Nuclear Power Development Steering Committee was set up and divided through three working groups that were Nuclear Power Program functional Group under the Malaysian Nuclear Energy Agency (MNA), the Nuclear Power Project Working Group under the utility Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), and a Legal and Regulatory Coordination Working Committee involving the Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) and the Energy Commission as represented in this mannikin 9The Chairman of Malaysian Atomic Energy Licensing Board explain that sentry go issue is the main antecedency in having Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) and Malaysia has already produced around 900 graduates in nuclear science in UKM including contain and PhD holders. Majority of them are expertise and experience to run this Nuclear Power Plant but need a start up time between 10 to 15 years before the plant can be brought to operation followed by government decision in 2021 which also followed also by another countries like Indonesia, Vietnam and Bangladesh to have their first Nucleaer Power Plant. 16The Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB) have been directed in the year 2008 to a task to study the nuclear power and Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water to find a capable site that will be operated by 2021. Eight possible location have been identified on peninsula and feasibility study will be prepared by the consultants by 2013 with developing the regulatory framework, the slow infrastructure and convince the public. The chairman of the Malaysia Nature Society actually recommended the state of Sabah as the site to replace the coal. Government announce that will be implement nuclear power due to high fossil fuel price that keep increasing and set 2023 as target. A draft of energy policy blueprint back have been sent but it was not comprehensive enough. 9The exist of building a Nuclear Power Plant is up to US$6billion,depending on its size and where it is sited but the government had a US$7billion budjet to it. It can operate up to 60 years and will be benefit up to two or three generations. The race always misunderstood about nuclear energy and were lack of information about it whereas the recent second and third generation of Nuclear Power Plant are safer with new safety measures and sophiscated technology. The countries in Switzerland and Britain which had stopped using the nuclear energy at one time are now using it again. 163.4.6 Comparing the energy generated by nuclear plant with others energy plants with the coitus tollAs the worlds population increases, there will be continued comparison to the current electricity generation address and the demand for electricity will be keep increasing. Energy sources that available in the world include nuclear, coal, natural gas, wind, solar, hydroelectric, and biomass will be double in time to time. Future cost matchedness will also be consider from every sources of electric ge neration with three move that are capital, finance and operating costs. 17No doubting nuclear energy is, in many places, competitive with fossil fuels for electricity generation, in spite of relatively high capital costs and the need to interiorize all waste disposal and decommissioning costs. It is time for change to nuclear energy cause of some factors such as following18The cost of nuclear energy is competitive with other types of electricity generation, except where there is direct access to low-cost fossil fuels.The general costs of fuels for nuclear plants are a minor percentage of total generating costs, though capital costs are greater than those for coal-fired plants and a greatly than those for gas-fired plants.In assessing the economics of nuclear power, decommissioning and waste disposal costs are fully taken into account.Furthermore, from the outset the basic devotion of nuclear energy has been its low fuel costs compared with coal, oil and gas-fired plants. The su bsequent figure shows that a two-base hit of fuel prices would result in the electricity cost for nuclear rising about 9%, for coal rising 31% and for gas 66%. Gas prices have significant continuality increment. 18To enhance our knowledge about doing cost of electricity,we have a slight to the coming chart.Chart 1 Comparing Per Kilowatt-Hour appeal Estimates for multiple types of energy production. 10Based on chart 1, nuclear and coal are around the same cost at $0.04 per kWh. Natural gas is at $0.10 per kWh and wind power around $0.08 per kWh slightly cheaper. solar power is the most pricy at $0.22 per kWh and only formulation cost is represent because the reliable information is not available at the moment. Lastly the hydroelectric is around $0.03 per kWh and it is the most cost effective but naturally limited place to build the hydroelectric dam due to the geographic location and the construction of the dam will cause huge enviroment infrigment. The total cost per kWh can b e represented as Construction speak to per kWh + Production Cost per kWh + Decommisioning Cost per kWh(nuclear only) = Total Cost per kWh but the main cost component of energy are construction and production costs. 103.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation3.3.1 Advantages of Nuclear Energy ImplementationFrom the chart below, we can see that the nuclear power plant reduce almost all of the global carbon dioxide problem. The carbon dioxide produces by the nuclear power plant is almost same as 0% compare to the others power plant like coal, gas petrol and etc.Worldwide carbonic acid gas Emissions Reduction6Another important benefit that nuclear generated energy has on our purlieu is that the wastes produced are completely isolated from the environment. The benefits of nuclear energy on environment can he seen clearly in France. Because of concerns over trade oil in the 1980, France has tripled its nuclear energy production. In the same period, the pollution had actually reduced around 80% to 90%. 6Nuclear power plant also playing a important image in generate electricity in some country and there are many countries start to build more nuclear power plant to generate more electricity to expand the economics and become more develop nation. Beside of this, nuclear power plant also play an important role in the world, because there are 17% of total worlds energy was generated by around 400 nuclear power plants.6In briefly, we can sum up all the advantages as shown belowNuclear reactions release a million times more energy, as compared to hydro or wind energy. Hence, a large measuring of electricity can be generated. Presently, 12-18% of the worlds electricity is generated through nuclear energy.The biggest advantage of nuclear energy is that there is no release of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbon) during nuclear reaction. The greenhouse gases are a major threat in the current scenario, as they ca use global warmingand climate change. As there is no electric arc of these gases during nuclear reaction, there is very little effect on the environment.The burning offossil fuels result in emission of the poisonous carbon dioxide. It is a menace to the environment as well as military personnel life. There is no release of carbon d-oxide at the time of nuclear reaction.Nuclear reactors make use of uranium as fuel. Fission reaction of a small amount of uranium generates large amount of energy. Currently, the high reserves of uranium found on Earth, are expected to last for another snow years.High amount of energy can be generated from a single nuclear power plant. Also, nuclear fuel is inexpensive and easier to transport.3.3.2 Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy ImplementationAlthough nuclear energy offers great benefits as an option source of electric power, appealing and cost-effective the use of nuclear energy also have the ostracize effect or disadvantages. It is important to und erstand both the pros and cons of nuclear energy because nuclear waste created by the power plants emits stultificationful radiations. These harmful radiation created do not get extinguished or exclude easily for special Ks of years. Great care by the captain are required in handling the nuclear wastes. 8In production of electricity, there will be always have the high risk. The accident at Chernobyl, it was the most severe radioactive accident in the world has experienced since the first nuclear energy as an election power source is implemented. Immediate countermeasures have been taken in many countries elsewhere in Europe after the accident to reduced the levels of exposure to the public. A huge misunderstanding among the people was the waste created by nuclear energy is more spartan compare to other method power plant electricity generation. The truth of this matter was radioactive waste from nuclear energy maybe dangerous for thousand of years but a waste produced from bur ning coal remains dangerous continuously because it is release to the atmosphere compare to nuclear where it was kept isolated and the toxicity of these stable elements does not decrease over time as does the toxicity of radioactive material. Another major disadvantage of nuclear power to the peaceful of the nation was the production of nuclear weapons were allowed in some country and these nuclear weapon of mass destruction is particularly disturbing. 6We can sum up most of the disadvantages in those pointes as shown belowThe production or proliferation of nuclear weapons.The use of fission, fusion or combination of both reactions process for destructive purposes and a major threat to the world as they can cause large scale devastation. 8.Large capital cost is required to construct single nuclear power plant.Though large amount of energy can be produced, it required around 15 to 20 years of time to develop a single plant. The reactor will only operate as abundant as uranium is st ill available. The extinction of uranium will result the plant to stop operating. 8The unstable element and highly radioactive waste were produced after fission reactions.The waste that produced was dangerous to the environment, human health, and remains for thousands of years and it needs professional handling and should be kept isolated from the living environments. The radioactivity of these elements reduces over a period of time. 8 misadventure can occurred in any nuclear power plant.The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was the worst disaster in 1986, one of the reactor exploded and releasing high amount of radiation in the environment. Resulted thousand of casualities due to exposure to the harmful radiation. 83.4 Analysis of survey feedback3.4.1 Questionaire ResultsA total of 50 students have participated in the questionnaire. The participants are required to answer a series of questions relating to their opinion on the implementation of nuclear power generation in Malaysia. Basi c understanding of the nuclear power generation is also obtained to determine the level of knowledge that each participant has on nuclear power generation.The first question is to ask the participants if it is appropriate to apply nuclear power generation to support the current ways of power generation in Malaysia. From the questionnaire it can be seen that 63% of the participants agreed that Malaysia needed nuclear power to support its current energy generation methods. From the results obtained, most of the participants knew that with nuclear power generation, more power can be generated. Besides that, most of Malaysias energy generation methods are from coal and natural gas which is harmful to the environment.Even though most of the participants agreed that Malaysia need to apply nuclear power generation, 65% of them feel that the country itself is not ready to build a nuclear power plant. From this, it can be seen that most of the participants feel that Malaysia need to specify in more time and research before implementing and building a nuclear power plant. besides in the third question, the participants are asked if Malaysia is ready to build a nuclear power plant. The majority of them have answered weak as shown in Figure 1. As mention in the previous paragraph, Malaysia needs to perplex in more time in researching nuclear power especially in the aspects of safety.Figure 1 Malaysias Level of Preparation for Nuclear PowerIn the fourth question, the participants are required to give their opinions if nuclear power brings more advantages or disadvantages. The majority of the participants (71%) mat up that nuclear power brings more advantages than disadvantages.Figure 2 Opinion on the Advantages of Nuclear powerWhen 71% of the participants are asked on their opinions on advantages of nuclear power generation, the results are shown at Figure 2. Most of them answered C which says that nuclear power does not produce any smoke or carbon dioxide. 32% of them felt that nuclear power is reliable. 26% of the participants answered A which says that nuclear power generation produces small amount of waste. The remaining 6% feels that nuclear power is not expensive to be produced. From the results shown above, it can be seen that the participants are environmental conscious.When the similar participants are asked on their opinions on the disadvantages of nuclear power generation, most of them are worried of the waste created which is harmful to humans as well as the environment. The harmful waste will be hard to be disposed. A number of the participants felt that the safety of the surrounding area needs to be considered in case of a nuclear reactor disclose in the power plant.The remaining 29% of the participants felt that nuclear power generation brings more disadvantages than advantages. These participants felt that the waste produced is hazardous and dangerous and also lots of funding is needed to be spent on the safety measures when gene rating nuclear power. Besides having the disadvantage opinions, these participants felt that nuclear power generation can propose more power and energy and less waste compare to other methods of power generation. Besides that, it is an alternative method of power generation that can be considered.Figure 3 Nuclear Power Generation Potential Remedy for Global WarmingAs seen in Figure 3, it can be seen that most participants did not agree that nuclear power generation is the remedy for global warming. Even though most of the participants did not agree, 45% of the participants agreed. The reason is that nuclear power generation produced less greenhouse gases compared to power generation methods using fossil fuel.In the next section, participants are required to tick on the required boxes on where their opinions stand. As seen in Figure 4, most of the participants have average opinions. Nuclear power generation saves up the earth natural resources as fewer resources will be used in gene rating the power that is needed. The resources used in nuclear power generation are able to last for years which are correct than most fossil fuel methods.Figure 4 Replacement of other Energy Power with Nuclear Power will save up Earth Natural ResourcesFigure 5 Saving of Cost in a Long Term by using a Nuclear Power PlantIn Figure 5, it can be seen that a number of the participants agreed on the saving of cost in a coherent term when using a nuclear power plant. The reason is that the resources that are used in a nuclear power plant can last for a long time compared to the fossil fuels and other methods available. Most of the participants have average opinions on question on building a nuclear power plant makes the economy of a country disclose as seen in Figure 6. The cost of building a nuclear power plant is high but it generates more energy than other methods with less pollution. Besides that less space is needed to build the plant.Figure 6 Building a Nuclear Power Plant makes the Economy of a Country BetterIn Figure 7, most of the participants agreed that using a nuclear power plant contributes to a better environment as nuclear power generation does not release any greenhouse gases.Figure 7 Better Environment if use Nuclear PowerGeneration MethodFigure 8 Affordable for a Developing Country to Build a NuclearPower Plant to replace other Power PlantsMost of the participants dissent and have average opinions on the building of a nuclear power plant for developing countries. The reason is that the countries need to concentrate on building and develop their country before investing on a nuclear power plant. The cost of constructing a nuclear power plant is high.3.5 Conclusion and recommendationAfter we done the survey and research in the internet, our conclusion is that nuclear power is really needed in Malaysia. The 1st reason is because currently Malaysia still widely using coal and natural gas to generate energy, and we all know that these will bring har m to the environment also human health. From the survey also we notice that nowadays human are very concern about then environment issue, because there are 65% of the participants feel that by implementing the nuclear power, we can produce a better environment or we can save current environment that is full of carbon dioxide and smoke. Besides that, from our research, we notice that by applying nuclear power, it can prevent global warming because it produces less greenhouse gasses compare to fossil fuel power generator. Apart from that, by applying nuclear power, it can save up the earth natural resources as well because it uses lesser natural resources to produces the energy that is required compare with others power generator and it also can make an economy in a country become better in a long term plan because nuclear power plant can last more longer than the other power plant, by this the costs to get the resources will be cheaper compare with the other power plant for a long te rm period.In the other hand, there were people that are disagree that Malaysia should have nuclear power, this is due to the wastage of the nuclear is hard to dispose, some of them ideate that Malaysia is not yet ready for the nuclear power in term of economy and also information on nuclear power, some of them think that if there is a leak of the nuclear reactor then it will bring serious modify to the surrounding and even bring death the human being. Some of them think that as a developing country, Malaysia should concentrate on building and developing the country before investing in the nuclear power.From the research and also survey we had done, to make everyone believe that Malaysia is capable to build nuclear power plant, few steps should be taken. There are, have a complete research in nuclear power plant with those countries that already have the nuclear power plant, build the nuclear power plant further by from human being so that if there is any leaking of nuclear react or it would not bring harm to human being or there is enough time to disband the villager around. In addition, maintenances on nuclear power plants have to be done frequently to prevent any undesirable occurrence and Malaysia government should prepare a place to store the wastage of the nuclear power plant so that the wastage of the nuclear reactor that is harmful did not expose to the surrounding. Last but not least, if those safety steps have been take in count, then,